Trade imbalance between USA and China

Introduction Barry Eichengreen, commenting in his article titled, ‘Will global imbalances return?’ notes that, â€Å"future history books, depending on where they are written, will take one of two approaches to assigning blame for the world’s current financial and economic crisis† (Eichengreen 2009). According to the author, one of the two approaches will put a lot of blame on sloppy regulation, compliant monetary policy and derisory savings in the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade imbalance between USA and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second approach which is being pushed by former and current USA officials will boldly heap much blame on the enormous pool of liquidity generated by high-savings nations specifically in East Asia and also the Middle East (Eichengreen 2009). To this second group, their argument will rest on the fact that the massive liquidi ty would have been channeled somewhere and that the place for such liquidity would have been in the country with the deepest financial markets and that is USA, which unfortunately accelerated its asset prices to unsound heights (Eichengreen 2009). Peter Morici observes that there is a serious dissatisfaction on the part of governments starting from Berlin to Bangkok and the reason for dissatisfaction is that, the dollar is falling since there is no assurance or reliance on American consumers who have been vital in powering the economies of many countries (Morici 2009). According to the author, â€Å"deregulation and new technologies powered USA growth, and Americans flush with success bought whatever the world had to sell; however, when the imports substantially exceed exports, Americans must consume more than they earn producing good and services, or demand for what they make is inadequate, inventories pile up and layoffs and recession follow† (Morici, 2009). The observation made is that the global savings imbalance which has witnessed low savings in the USA and high savings in China and in other growing markets has greatly contributed to the crisis where it resulted in Americans spending more by living beyond their means, while at the same time encouraging desperate financiers to earn return on massive funds by putting them largely on speculative use. Nevertheless, other discussions especially emanating from Washington have framed China as villain whereby, through its policy of holding its exchange rate unnaturally low, China has been seen as stealing jobs and in the process forcing USA to run a huge trade deficit. Indeed, it is from such observations that Washington operatives are convinced that China should be forced to revalue its currency, the Yuan (Ktetaichinh, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the current debate over the exchange rate between the Yuan and the dollar is framed in terms of global imbalances where it is seen that USA is consuming beyond its savings on one hand, and on the other hand China is producing excessively and at the same time saving beyond its own spending (Alford, 2010). Moreover, numerous corrective suggestions have been put forward such as, USA should export and save more while China import and spend more. To this extent, the debate is more concerned on the issue of how to achieve this rebalancing. Analysis of factors behind the US trade deficit with China Enormous literature shows that trade between United States and China has been waxing and weakening (Morrison 2010, p.5) and in this trading relationship, it is only between 1949 and 1972 when there wasn’t any trade relation between USA and China as a result of frost relationship between Washington and Mao’s Communist policies (Asian American Studies Center, N.d). But after economic reforms that were initi ated in late 1970s, China increased its global trade share to almost ten times. Basically, trade deficit between USA and China started to be experienced since the late 1980s whereby annual deficits went up during the 1990s (Morrison, 2010, p.5) and skyrocketed during the first half of the 21st century (The USA-China Business Council, N.d, p.1). Today, USA and China form each other’s second biggest trading partners while at the same time China has toppled Canada as the main exporter to USA by becoming America’s third largest export market (The USA-China Business Council, 2008, p.1). In the year 2007, USA exported commodities worth $65.2 billion to China market and imported commodities worth $321.5 billion from China, leading to USA realizing a trade deficit of $256.3 billion and which constituted USA’s largest trade deficit ever to any single country (Asian American Studies Center, N.d). This particular circumstance has irritated USA lawmakers who have threatened to strike tariffs and import duties on Chinese goods if China remains reluctant and adamant in reducing its massive trade surplus with USA. One question that should be asked and investigated is what accounts for the current massive USA-China trade imbalance. Many critics and other policy makers have given varying reasons as the key causes of these imbalances. For instance, China has been viewed to put more restrictions in accessing its market while ironically at the same time engaging in aggressive activities and programmes to support and enhance exports by its domestic firms (Asian American Studies Center, N.d; Dow, 2009); secondly, China is seen to enjoy low-wage/low-cost advantage (Economic 2008); and thirdly, China is viewed to artificially undervalue its currency (Asian American Studies Center N.d).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade imbalance between USA and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other factors that also account to the imbalance of trade between USA and China has been cited as: Americans as nation is seen to be involved in consumption with no saving, where America imports much more than it exports for many years now (Gang, 2010). What is evident is the fact that USA has been on a long-running spending fling that has resulted into increased imports and this scenario has been catalyzed by USA long housing boom whereby Americans borrowed heavily against the rising property values and in the process their consumption exceeded their saving (Asian American Studies Center, N.d). Today, consumer spending accounts for almost 65 per cent of the USA economy. Relocation of exports from other Asian countries to China, whereby China has become the final point of assembly for numerous products that are manufactured in other Asian countries like Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong (Dow 2009) and this particular reason has seen China-USA trade deficit increase from 27 per cent in the yea r 1997 to 28 per cent in the year 2006 while that of other Asian countries went down from 43 per cent to 17 per cent in the same period of time (Asian American Studies Center, N.d). These statistics clearly indicate that USA, in a way, is importing more from China and less from other Asian countries. Over-counting China exports as a result of China relaxing most of its foreign investment policies, many of China’s exports are believed to be produced by foreign firms that have invested in China which also constitute firms owned by Americans who in turn export their products back to USA market. Statistics indicate that 60 per cent of China’s exports are products that have been produced by foreign investors but in sense have been regarded and counted as China’s exports. Undercounting USA sales; many USA sales of goods to China by US foreign investors who operate in China are not counted as USA exports to China (Wellen 2004). In 2005, it was estimated that the sale b y these USA investors in China totaled $86.5 billion and was 70 per cent larger than USA exports in the same year and if such sales were counted as USA exports probably the trade deficit between the two countries would not be enormous as it is today. China’s stand and the concerns of the USA The existence of trade imbalance between China and USA is a fact that most people of the two countries continue to accept but many concerns have continued to bewilder USA on most trade issues with China (Bivens and Scott, 2006). For example, despite the two countries working to enhance and better their commercial relations, tensions continue to rise on key issues: America’s concern over China emanates from the issue of China’s continued resistance to adopt a market-based currency. China, unlike other advanced economies, does not maintain a market-based floating exchange rate (Kimberly, 2010) and between the years 1994 and 2005, China largely pegged its Yuan to the USA dolla r at about 8.28 Yuan to the dollar (Morrison, 2010, p.18). In July 2005, China appreciated the Yuan to the dollar by 2.1 per cent and, â€Å"moved to managed float based on a basket of major foreign currencies including the USA dollar† (Morrison, 2010, p.19; Kimberly, 2010). And in an attempt to maintain a target rate of exchange with the dollar, Beijing government has fostered restrictions and controls over capital transactions while at the same time making large-scale purchase of USA dollars. Many USA policy makers and business groups have been irritated by China despite its minor reforms where they note that Beijing government continue to manipulate its currency with an aim of keeping the value of its currency artificially low against the dollar (Morrison, 2010, p.19) and to them, this particular policy by China is composed of subsidy for Chinese exports to USA markets and acts as tariff on Chinese imported USA products. The complaint is that this particular policy has con tinued to hurt USA manufacturing sectors (Rushing, 2010) that in turn is forced to compete against low-cost Chinese products, thus leading to loss of many USA jobs.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many concerns and claims have soared about this China’s exchange and even there has been increasing pressure to name China as currency manipulator and hence institute trade sanctions on part of China (Sanhati, 2010). When evaluated and analyzed, this exchange policy by China has benefited the country greatly since it saw China weather the storms of recession and recorded growth rate of 9 per cent in 2010; however, IMF has projected that China’s economy in 2011 will grow by 10 per cent (Sanhati 2010). At the same time in 2009, China had reserve accumulation of about $400 billion whereby the reserve accumulation holding went up by $2.4 trillion in January 2010. These figures indicate that China’s reserve holding has gone up from 1 per cent in year 2000 to almost 12 per cent of GDP by the start of 2010. In addition, as China grew and benefited from its exchange policy, America experienced unemployment rate of 10 per cent and as a result, many USA policymakers heape d the blame on Chinese exchange rate claiming it was the source of problems America was experiencing and as a result, USA Congress has been at forefront demanding the government to institute a strong stand on China’s exchange rate (Sanhati, 2010). In response, China has continued to insist that its current policy is not intended to favor exports over imports, instead, is meant to enhance domestic economic stability (Morrison, 2010, p.19). China further claims that doing away with the current currency policy would jeopardize and weaken its export industries and hence cause wide-scale layoffs. Chinese officials’ content that, economic stability is essentially important in ensuring there is political stability. Further, China has reacted by claiming that â€Å"exports are an important part of the Chinese economy, and any global market fluctuation or external shock will certainly have an impact on overall growth;† and like any other economies of the world, Chinaâ₠¬â„¢s economy largely depends on consumption and investment (Gang 2010). Moreover, Yuan exchange rate is actually secondary contributory factor in China’s external trade. In other words, China’s current global trade imbalance can be rectified by addressing other related factors that dwell on Yuan exchange rate. Why the gap exists between the views of China and the US on trade imbalance China has viewed its export to Europe and USA as â€Å"part of global structural change† which in turn has given China â€Å"leverage comparative advantage† (Freytag 2008). Studies have indicated that China’s comparative advantage is rooted in China’s exploit of low-tech and medium-tech products and as a result, China has obtained trade surplus with most Europe countries and USA (Freytag 2008). Due to this, China has continued to refute claims by USA that it manipulates its currency for own advantage by noting that comparative advantage viewed in the context o f the soaring deficit and currency undervaluation is that China is able to export to Europe countries and USA in key sectors; thus it is able to derive comparative advantages and therefore difficult to claim that its increase in export is largely determined and dependent on currency undervaluation (Freytag, 2008). Another disagreement in views originates from the fact that liberalization of international markets has enabled countries to create vital mutual benefits for domestic industries and also its trading partners (The Free Library, N.d) and as a result, countries are encouraged to put much focus on the activities they are able to derive comparative advantage. In addition, the existence of international trade bodies enables China to exploit its trade agreements by citing clauses such as, ‘free international exchange of goods and services’ and therefore institute ‘domestic favorable policy’ with aim to leverage advantage over its trading partners. Due to China’s demographic advantage and its subsequent low spending, it becomes difficulty to solely claim that China’s policy is aimed at external market. More often than not, China has expressed that its policy was intended for domestic market and trade, and that USA problem emanates from large fiscal deficits compounded by low household savings and this is due to excessive financial leverage. Lastly, China has made it clear that it is willing to spearhead currency reforms in its own way and pace without any outside interference (Somerville, 2010). Policy alternatives to resolve the conflicts between USA and China As overriding issue concerning USA-China trade deficit remain a plain fact it is imperative to explore the possible policy alternatives that can be employed in order to resolve the conflict. First, Marcus Noland together with Peterson Institute suggests that USA should first acknowledge that China is not the sole source to its economic problems although much nee ds to done on China’s economic policy and that China is not a vital source of job displacement in United States of America. The authors pose that, â€Å"If US is worried about the trade deficit; it should first reduce its own government budget deficit to close the saving-investment gap† (Noland and Peterson Institute, n.d, p.1). Proposing a grand bargain for the two countries, Eswar Prasad provides key policy framework that can be adopted by two nations to enhance their trade relations. According to the author, the proposed grand bargain should have the following elements: The two trade partners should commit to using fiscal and monetary policy that has capacity to encourage domestic demand in their individual economies in the short run; China should allow its currency to be more flexible and possess ability to be more responsive to market forces while at the same time USA should formulate a plan to reduce its budget deficit as economy starts to pick up; USA should as sume and offer supportive role to China’s multilateral financial institutions; There should be continued high-level engagement and cooperation between USA and China on economic affairs; and lastly There is need for sustained shared interests between policymakers in China and United States of America in order to realize enduring reforms that support and enhance sustained balanced growth between China and USA (Prasad, 2010, p.1). Conclusion The obvious and undisputed fact is that there exists trade imbalance between USA and China, but this should not be the main issue to mourn about. What is evident is the fact that USA-China trade relations has been beneficial in a greater way whereby China has become one of the USA fastest growing export markets and at the same time, USA consumers continue to reap benefits from the ability to purchase low-cost imports from China. In addressing the existing trade deficit, two countries should not forget the mutual benefits they derive from ea ch other and that the most important thing for the two trade partners is to initiate sustainable policy framework that address their trade issues in a diplomatic way. The two countries should embrace cooperation and mutual engagement on key economic issues affecting their trade relation and also there should be sustained shared interests among the key policymakers of the two countries to realize enduring key reforms as far as trade relations between the two countries continue to increase. Reference List Alford, R., 2010. Structural Remedies Necessary to Tame Global Imbalances. Web. Available from: http://theglobalrealm.com/2010/06/22/structural-remedies-necessary-to-tame-global-imbalances/ . Asian American Studies Center. N.d. U.S.-China Trade Imbalance. Web. Available from: http://www.aasc.ucla.edu/uschina/trade_tradeimbalance.shtml . Bivens, L. J. and Scott, R. E., 2006. China Manipulates its Currency-A response is needed. Economic Policy Institute. Web. Available from: http://www .epi.org/publications/entry/pm116/ . Dow, M., 2009. Chinese Handcuffs? No, Chinese trade deficit. Council on Foreign Relations. Web. Available from: http://blogs.cfr.org/setser/2009/07/10/chinese-handcuffs-no-chinese-trade-deficit/ . Economics. 2008. USA Trade Deficit with China. Web. Available from: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/economics/usa-trade-deficit-with-china/ . Eichengreen, B., 2009. Will Global Imbalances Return? Web. Available from: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/eichengreen5/English . Freytag, A., 2008. Should Europe really worry about its trade deficit with China? Web. Available from: http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/1150 . Gang, F., 2010. Behind China’s trade deficit. Directory of Investment in China. Web. Available from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-04/30/content_9797450.htm . Kimberly, A., 2010. U.S. Deficit with China. Web. Available from: http://useconomy.about.com/od/tradepolicy/p/us-china-trade.htm . Ktetaichinh. 2009. Economics: If China sharply revalued Yuan as American politicians are demanding it could actually hurt United States and help China. Web. Available from: http://lanle.wordpress.com/2009/02/25/if-china-sharply-revalued-the-yuan-as-american-politicians-are-demanding-it-could-actually-hurt-the-united-states-and-help-china/ . Morici, P., 2009. The Great Debate: China’s Yuan, not the dollar, is too cheap. Web. Available from: http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/tag/yuan/ . Morrison, W. M., 2010. China-U.S. Trade Issues. CRS Report for Congress. Web. Available from: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33536.pdf . Noland, M. and Peterson Institute. N.d. US-China Economic Relations. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Web. Available from: http://www.iie.com/publications/wp/wp.cfm?ResearchID=162 . Prasad, E., 2010. The Effect of the Crisis on the U.S.-China Economic Relationship. Web. Available from: http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2009/0217_chinas_economy_prasad.aspx . Rushing, J.T., 2010. Trade deficit adds to pressure on China. The Hillsdale News Alert. Web. Available from: http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/114361-trade-deficit-adds-to-pressure-on-china . Sanhati, R. V., 2010. The US-China Trade and Currency dispute: A red herring? Web. Available from: http://sanhati.com/excerpted/2437/ . Somerville, G., 2010. China and U.S. each claim gains on Yuan in talk. Reuters News. Web. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64M09Q20100525 . The Free Library. N.d. The U.S. Trade deficits: made in China? Web. Available from: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+U.S.+trade+deficit%3A+made+in+China%3F-a0142381621 . The US-China Business Council. 2008. USCBC Reports: US Exports to China by State, 2000-07. Web. Available from: http://www.uschina.org/public/exports/state_exports_2007.html . Wellen, P., 2004. The Trade deficit with China: a case study in corporate America’s successful global marketing. Web. Available from: http://www.allbusin ess.com/management/benchmarking/343767-1.html . This essay on Trade imbalance between USA and China was written and submitted by user Angela W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Celiac Disease - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Celiac Disease - Smart Custom Writing Internal Communication.An undeniable fact one may claim is that we are all involved in every day communication process. Whether it is a chat on the phone with a friend, daily newspaper reading, TV watching, socializing in a family circle or at school, college or at workplace – that is all a continuous information interchange thus being communication. The work for each individual is an indispensible part of life. That is the self-realization and make-a-living field. The organization of proper environment the staff is involved in goes beyond doubt. It results in coherent and collaborative team work and their effective performance. Therefore in any profit-making business sphere or public relations area we anyhow deal with management practice. So, let’s get an insight into the inner nature of a company’s arrangement. Any business structure inevitably encounters some sorts of ‘roughnesses’ that is the problems connected with underestimation and/or lack of motivation and information awareness of some staff members. Such ‘impurities’ may provoke disunity and discord in vision and perception of the company’s main priorities, future perspectives, strategies etc. that constitute its key conception. Not of the least are the issues of personnel’s obscure and misleading comprehension of his or her own role in the whole company’s success-building machine. To tune up this whole mechanism sophisticated managerial tools are applied. Hence, we touch the notion of internal communication (IC). It comprises the company’s functional leverage of monitoring, motivating, encouraging and coordinating the work of employees. It reflects the prowess of elaborate management policy. Thus, we need to clarify and elucidate some aspects concerned with the internal communic ation practice. ‘Internal’ designates the very gist of the process on question. It generally implies not only socializing among each other, but also has a wider sense representing the visible result of the correlated and interconnected efforts of each participant.   The relationships and attitudes among ‘senior’ and ‘junior’ members influence inner performance and matter a lot in shaping the image of a company outside. Here the IC is substantially helpful to reach the goals the governing body pursues. The work with personnel should not just envisage giving orders and expecting their dutiful fulfillment. This approach to dealing with staff is very delusive and lacks essentials – there must be a dialog between ‘boss’ and ‘subordinate’ in all levels of company’s operation. For the both sides to be mutually beneficial and their interests not to clash a special strategy is developed that contains certain aspects to be consid ered.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœTo listen to’ aspect can’t be ignored. It’s essential that Human Resources Management (HRM) take into account employees’ viewpoints, ideas, suggestions, since it gives the staff a feeling of their direct involvement in the process. Collection, procession and distribution of information among employees regarding the state of business and possible current problems is meaningful to create overall awareness and advances respect and loyalty to a company. In this connection we speak about interconnectivity that can be achieved by internal communication means.   Every day in any organization a great deal of issues is discussed and devolved through briefings, conferences, meetings, forums etc. where the staff participants are actually present. Hence they are engaged in face-to-face communication. Another way to represent and deliver information is either by printed regulations, newsletters and brochures or electronically – e.g. e-mail, voice-mail, messaging and corporate net system called intranet. It’s evident that nowadays world everyday witnesses the impetuous technological progress which helps to optimize and maximize people’s work. With the emergence of Internet humans saw the increasing role of electronic communication that was marked by convenience and relative velocity in information exchange. The benefits are obvious. So, firms, organizations, companies and enterprises viewed the perspective of application the analogy of global web being limited to the boundaries of internal company’s structure – intranet. Virtually it is a private network that serves the function of data storage and its distribution among all employees. The access to the system is available only to staff and restricted to non-authorized persons. The intranet constrains the external entry by means of firewall and thus provides safety of net content. Since intranet exploits the same technologies and tools which are applicable in internet for the web and e-mail service and also file transfer, no extra time and efforts are necessary for the staff members to adapt and utilize the corporate net capacity. Another advantage that counts is also the enhanced efficiency that staff show which is obtained by prompt and easy access to the database. Apparently, it proves to be useful when dealing with complex project work that necessitates the interchange of ideas with partners and seeking for the information relevant to the work performed. Therefore it might be facilitating to use links to collect data, then discuss it online with project participants and so share the viewpoints. Such an example among other positive sides of internal web resource demonstrates its time-saving expediency. In addition, the work of line managers is supported and to an extent simplified, since the work net is constantly updated and replenished. Thus, there is no need for an employee to persistently bother a line or senior manager with minor and insignificant issues. This kind of information is always at disposal in the intranet. Alongside with the virtues there come vices. The implementation of this sort of systems appears to be costly. Small businesses are unlikely to design and bring into action sophisticated intranets as compared to big corporations. Programming, design, constant upgrading inevitably requires investment. Unfortunately, another hindrance seems to be quite significant. We can’t but agree that however elaborate and well-programmed the network can be it is still exposed to insecurity (About.com. Wireless/Networking). Computer tampering may be regarded as a contemporary problem number one in electronic communication. Moreover, considering a modern arena of leadership and competition not always sound actions are undertaken. The competitors may resort to tricks in attempts to fish out the information they can get advantage of. On the grounds of the mentioned pros and cons we can arrive at conclusion that in future for the intranet as the internal communication tool to become more secure it’s essential to pay thorough attention to the company’s R D activities in search of more failsafe and reliable information guarding. Concerning the whole internal communication practice we should emphasize the importance of psychological aspect in recruiting personnel and scrutinizing their relevance to the position and the end-result of their work. A special team of professional psychologists and analysts is able to timely reveal and prevent the possible deviation of some individuals from the main policy. That will immensely contribute to foresee the leak of information and hidden intensions of intranet users in case they turn out to be not true members of the team but possible spies. Thereby, to avoid malfunction and make the whole mechanism work in accord the constituents matter a lot.

The Prison-Industrial Complex

The Prison-Industrial Complex Is prison overcrowding a vexing problem or a tempting opportunity? It depends on whether you see the  nearly 2  million Americans locked in prison cells  as  a  tragic  collection of misspent lives or a  vast self-sustaining supply of cheap labor. To be sure, the growing prison-industrial complex, for better or worse, views the inmate population as the latter. Derived from the  Cold War-era  term â€Å"military-industrial complex,† the term â€Å"prison-industrial complex† (PIC) refers to a combination of private-sector and government interests that profit from  increased  spending on prisons, whether it is truly justified or not. Rather than a covert conspiracy, the PIC is criticized as a convergence of self-serving special interest groups that openly encourage new prison construction, while discouraging the advancement of reforms intended to reduce the inmate population. In general, the prison-industrial complex is made up of: Politicians who play on fear by running on â€Å"get tough on crime† platforms.State and federal  lobbyists  who represent prison industries and the companies that profit from cheap prison labor.Depressed rural areas that depend on prisons for their economic survival.Private  companies that view the  $35 billion spent each year on corrections  as creating a lucrative market, rather than imposing a drain on taxpayers. Influenced by prison industry lobbyists, some members of Congress may be persuaded to press for  harsher federal sentencing laws  that will send more non-violent offenders to prison, while opposing prison reform and inmate rights legislation. Prison Inmate Jobs   As the only Americans not protected from slavery and forced labor by the  Thirteenth Amendment  to the U.S. Constitution, prison inmates have historically been required to perform  routine prison maintenance jobs. Today, however, many inmates take part in work programs that make products and provide services for the private sector and government agencies. Typically paid far below the  federal minimum wage, inmates now build furniture, make clothing, operate telemarketing call centers, raise and harvest crops, and produce  uniforms for the U.S. military. For example, the signature line of jeans and t-shirts Prison  Blues  is produced by inmate-workers at the Eastern Oregon Correctional Institute. Employing more than 14,000 inmates nationwide, one government-managed prison labor agency produces equipment for the U.S. Department of Defense. Wages Paid to Inmate Workers   According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), inmates in prison work programs earn from 95 cents to $4.73 per day. Federal law allows the prisons to deduct up to 80% of their wages for taxes, government programs to assist crime victims, and the costs of incarceration. Prisons also deduct small amounts of money from inmates required to pay child support. In addition, some prisons deduct money for mandatory savings accounts intended to help convicts become re-established in the free community after their release. After deductions, participating inmates netted about $4.1 million of the $10.5 million total wages paid by prison work programs from April to  June  2012, according to the BLS. In privately-run prisons, inmate workers typically make as little as 17 cents per hour for a six-hour day, a total of about $20 per month. As a result, inmate workers in federally-operated prisons find their wages quite generous. Earning an average of $1.25 an hour for an eight-hour day with occasional overtime, federal inmates can net from $200-$300 per month. The Pros and Cons   Proponents of the prison-industrial complex argue that rather than unfairly making the best of a bad situation, prison work programs contribute to the inmates’ rehabilitation by providing job training opportunities. Prison jobs keep inmates busy and out of trouble, and money generated from the sales of prison industries products and services help maintain the prison system, thus easing the burden on taxpayers. Opponents of the prison-industrial complex  contend  that the typically low-skill jobs and minimal training offered by prison work programs simply do not prepare inmates to enter the workforce in the communities to which they will eventually return after their release. In addition, the growing trend toward privately-operated prisons has forced states to pay for the cost of contracts for outsourced incarceration. Money deducted from wages paid to inmates goes to increase the profits of the private prison companies rather than decreasing the cost of incarceration to taxpayers. According to its critics, the effect of the prison-industrial complex can be seen in the stark statistic that while the violent crime rate in the  United States has fallen by about  20% since 1991, the number of inmates in U.S. prisons and jails has grown by 50%. How Businesses View Prison Labor   Private sector businesses that use inmate workers profit from significantly lower labor costs. For example, an Ohio company that supplies parts to Honda pays its prison workers $2 an hour for the same work regular union  auto  workers  are paid $20 to $30 an hour. Konica-Minolta pays its prison workers 50 cents an hour to repair its copiers. In addition, businesses are not required to provide benefits like vacations, health care, and sick leave for inmate workers. Similarly, businesses are free to hire, terminate, and set pay rates for inmate workers without the collective bargaining limitations often imposed by  labor unions. On the downside, small businesses often lose manufacturing contracts to prison industries because they are unable to match the low production costs of a vast pool of low-paid convict workers. Since 2012, several small companies that had historically produced uniforms for the U.S. military have been forced to lay off workers after losing contracts to UNICOR, a government-owned prison labor program. Civil Rights Civil rights groups argue that the practices of the prison-industrial complex  lead to the building, expanding prisons mainly for the purpose of creating employment opportunities utilizing prisoner labor at the expense of the inmates themselves. For example, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) contends that the prison-industrial complex’s drive for profit through privatization of prisons has actually contributed to the continued growth of America’s prison population. In addition, the ACLU argues that the construction of new prisons solely for their profit potential will ultimately  result  in  the often unjust and lengthy imprisonment of  millions  of additional  Americans, with a disproportionately high number of the poor and people of color being jailed.

Law of international commercial arbitration Essay - 1

Law of international commercial arbitration - Essay Example Thus, if an aggrieved party has a binding international award in the case of any business dispute from another nation which is a party to the NYC and is being acknowledged as a responding nation by UK, the arbitral award would be implemented in UK. (Hirchhheim et al 154). In UK, a winning party might request to have the New York Convention award implemented in the same style as a judgment through the mechanism of the Arbitration Act, 1996. This mechanism is intended to give effect for the convention obligation of the UK to acknowledge and implement New York Convention awards subject to some restricted exclusions. It is to be noted that pure declaratory awards will equally applicable to the implementation of a New York Convention award under s.101 (2) of the Arbitration Act 1996. Further, enforcement can be disputed on the same footing as recognition. If a party wants to implement and enforce an international arbitration award in UK, he has to make necessary application to the concerned court with copy of the award and the arbitration agreement in writing within the connotation of ss.100 and 5 of the Arbitration Act, 1996. However, the party need not have to substantiate the existence or validity of an agreement. Further, the reasons for the declining the recognition and implementation should be interpreted narrowly. â€Å"The New York convention’s Article V† obliges the courts of signatory nations to implement an overseas award without evaluating the merits of the arbitrator’s verdict. For instance, English Court has refused to interfere in international arbitration awards as demonstrated in the decision made in â€Å"Lesotho Highlands Development Authority v. Impreglio SpA and others â€Å"by the House of Lords. Lesotho government engaged contractors to build a dam in Lesotho. The contract specifically stated that currency for the contract purpose will be the maloti, the local currency of Lesotho

Impact of Technology on Small Businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Impact of Technology on Small Businesses - Essay Example In the present paper the impact of technology is critically analyzed to understand whether adopting technology in its various forms is profitable to small businesses or not through qualitative research methodology. Small businesses drive the economy by leading in innovation and very crucial for national economies because of their large contribution in terms of employment and turnover (Burns, 2007). Small Medium Enterprises (SME) according to the Bolton committee is defined as an independent local firm whose ownership and management is vested in the same individuals and market share is small. A firm is termed as SME when it meets two of the three criteria’s namely consisting â€Å"up to 250 employees, up to  £50 million annual turnover and  £43 million annual statement of financial position total† as given by the European Commission of 2003 (Amm, 2011, p.1). Small businesses like large firms, in their operations try to apply latest technologies in order to be competitive, knowledgeable, more efficient and eventually more profitable (Kierman, 1995). However it has been found that technology is also negatively affecting the small businesses by decreasing the personal aspect of the business relationship, surveillance and constant monitoring using technology is decreasing employee morale and productivity significantly and brick and mortar small stores are losing their market share to large companies who use technology extensively (Hanley, 2013) moreover technology brings change that might not be adopted well by employees and is expensive and keeps changing (Keirman, 1995 and Burgess, 2002). SME’s compared to larger firms respond quickly to market threats and opportunities because they are more market-driven than larger firms who are more research driven. And use innovative technology or technology innovatively in developing new markets and about ten percent of SMEs are technology based and can be termed as innovative.  

Functions of Emotions Essay Example for Free

Functions of Emotions Essay By definition, emotions are short-lived phenomena in the psychological and physiological systems of rational beings that represent modes of adaptation to the dynamism of the internal and external environment (Fiske, Gilbert Lindzey, 2010). Emotions are responsible for psychologically altering the attention and shifting behaviors in response to changing demands. They are therefore very instrumental in not only defining inter-personal relationships but also the lives of rational beings (Lewis, Haviland-Jones Barret, 2008). In this research paper, the author seeks to explain and describe the social functions of emotions in a relationship. I will first identify the emotions that relate to relationships and then proceed to explain the functions they play. Examples of emotions that apply to relationships Emotions are complex and intricately related. There has been confusion in the usage of terms between emotions and feelings while the two are not synonymous. The word â€Å"Feelings† can be used to describe the sensitivity to emotions or morals. In other words, feeling is the passion or sensation of emotions and is therefore a component of emotion (Fiske, Gilbert Lindzey, 2010). Each emotion leads to the exhibition of a corresponding set of behaviors, both in the movement of the body (emotional expression through skeletal muscles) and in other responses that do not include physical movements. In the context of relationships, very many emotions apply. To every emotion there is an opposite. Examples of emotions which are applicable in the development of interpersonal relationships include love and passion which are contradicted by hatred and disgust and happiness which is contradicted by the emotion of sadness. Pride as an emotion plays a significant role in the development of relationships between parents and their children, between lovers and also between casual acquaintances (Lewis, Haviland-Jones Barret, 2008). Jealousy, gratefulness and empathy also play a major role in relationships. Emotions and the Capacity to communicate and influence people Emotions are communicated through verbal statements and non-verbal statements including facial expressions, postures or gestures. Most expressions of emotions have a direct and automatic effect on other people, and more so if these emotions are communicated non-verbally. The human conscience is programmed to naturally decode emotions in the action of other people (Fussell, 2002). Therefore, how well a person expresses his or her emotions goes a long way in determining how well other people understand him. People will usually respond to facial expressions and other gestures. Being able to effectively communicate one’s emotions so that they are representative of the feelings held inside plays a major role in either strengthening or weakening the relationship bonds between people. A person who relays his feelings (through emotions) genuinely is less likely to be misunderstood and is therefore more likely to get positive responses to his demands or requirements (Fussell, 2002). Take for example a person whose face lights up upon seeing another person. Such will definitely be interpreted as a reaction to the emotion of love or passion. Upon decoding this, the targeted party is also likely to develop affection for the other person. Strong relationships are founded on how genuinely people communicate their emotions (Knobloch Solomon, 2003). Emotions are also useful in influencing the actions of others. Disappointment, for example in a parent for his or her underperforming child can trigger the urge to work harder in school so as to please the parent (Dunsmorea, Bensona Bradburna, 2006). However, constant disappointment in people despite their exhibited desire to improve damages relationships as it induces guilt and shame. In other words, positive emotions most of the time build a relationship and negative emotions like anger, fear, sadness and disappointment will tend to destroy a relationship. Emotions negatively or positively impact on how people process information. They comprise an integral part of interpersonal communication and therefore define how people negotiate with other people or groups (Perlman, 2007). It is the relational problems an individual faces which give rise to emotions and emotions therefore become important in relationships as they define the way the individual navigates though the challenges that arise in the process of relating to other people. Emotions as a motivating factor The human psychological and physiological faculties are pre-programmed to automatically obey or respond to emotions (Fiske, Gilbert Lindzey, 2010). Emotions on their part prepare and motivate people to act in a specific manner. For example, the emotion of love will prompt its bearer to show the person he or she is in love with the actions which will illustrate his or her passion. Perhaps love is the most instrumental emotion in relationships. It is love which makes people to be concerned with the welfare of other people in their environment and triggers responsible behavior that ensures the society moves towards a state in which the welfare of everyone within that specific society is protected (Perlman, 2007). Another example of emotions playing a part in relationship building is in the way they trigger actions which signify goodwill (Ryff Singer, 2001). If a person sees his neighbor’s toddler moving towards danger, say in the path of traffic, he or she will feel obliged, through the action of the emotion of fear, to save it. The neighbor whose child has been rescued from imminent danger will be very appreciative of the other person, and through this appreciation their interpersonal relationship will become more cordial. Alternatively, when a person acts in a manner likely to suggest that he or she does not care much about the welfare of the people next to him or her, the relationship between him or her and those people suffers a setback. Emotions empower people to overcome obstacles in their environment and therefore end up defining the way a person reacts on the backdrop of specific circumstances. This ends up defining how a person relates to other people (Ryff Singer, 2001). For example, before sitting an oral interview, a person will be overcome with the emotion of anxiety. He or she will then be obliged through automatic adaptation to prepare extensively to beat his or her fear. When the time comes, he or she will have garnered sufficient confidence and his or her response to questions presented is likely to be mature, clear and expressive. If this be the case, the interviewing panel is likely to feel attracted to the candidate and will most likely hire him or her to fill the vacancy. A new relationship then begins and will continue to grow based on the candidate’s continued state of emotional competence and capacity to adapt to new challenges. Adaptive functions of emotions within relationships Emotions provide an individual with the capacity to adaptively respond and cope with particular circumstances or situations. Every person is unique in his or her own way, and these fundamental differences in personality have characterized the human species since the beginning (Knobloch Solomon, 2003). To forge and to maintain relationships, people need to tolerate this diversity, and emotional responses enable us to do so. For example, my friend, spouse or work colleague who looks depressed may be battling a certain stressing issue. If I take the time to encourage or cheer them up, I will have strengthened the bond between us. Emotions, through this adaptive function regulate the social interaction of people. By correctly identifying the emotions other people are feeling through their body language and facial expressions, an individual may be motivated to either move towards them or keep his or her distance (Oatley, Keltner Jenkins, 2006). This way, relationships are strengthened, formed or damaged to some degree. Through the evolutionary process, members of the human species have learnt to express their emotions through art, poetry and literature to give more meaning to the sense of being human, and it is the celebration of this color or spice that enables people to live cordially with one another. The self-validating role of emotions Who people really are is, to a large extent, derived from their emotions (Fiske, Gilbert Lindzey, 2010). Emotions are always valid even though they are not necessarily facts, and they therefore give a person the intuition to feel whether something may be right or wrong. The intensity of emotions expressed determines the probability of an individual’s needs being met. For example, a person who strongly feels the need to establish serious relationships with others is more likely to have healthy and objective relationships (Oatley, Keltner Jenkins, 2006). People who decrease the intensity of their emotions are less likely to be taken seriously, and therefore their relationships are more likely to be weak. Emotions also function to put a limit to relationships and the levels of social interaction by virtue of their being self-validating (Lewis, Haviland-Jones Barret, 2008). Take an example of a person who feels uneasy about attending a certain social event due to the feeling that something will go wrong. Nevertheless, he or she attends the event, and somewhere down the line, he or she disagrees with another person in attendance and decides to leave. Such a person will most likely develop the tendency to strictly follow their emotions while making decisions in other aspects of everyday life, including relationships. An example of this scenario is when an individual abstains from forming a relationship with another person in their social environment because of the feeling that he or she may not be a nice person, even though this may be totally wrong (Ryff Singer, 2001). Conclusion In this paper, my objective was to explain and describe the function of emotions in relationships. I began by identifying various emotions which directly impact on relationships. Such emotions include love, hate, pride, jealousy, passion and fear. Secondly, I explained the role emotions play in communication. The ways in which emotions are communicated are verbal statements and non-verbal gestures including facial expressions, gestures or any other type of body language. Communication is a very essential part in the foundation of a relationship, and the role emotions play in communication therefore becomes defining in relationships (Fussell, 2002). I also discussed the function of emotions in adapting to the various challenges that occur regularly in relationships as well as how emotions inhibit people from forming or maintaining relationships based on intuition. In conclusion, emotions, besides adding color and spice to the art living greatly determine how people understand each other and therefore how they relate in the society. References Dunsmorea, J. C. , Bensona, M. J. Bradburna, I. S. (2006). â€Å"Functions of Emotions for Parent Child Relationships within Dynamic Contexts: Introduction to the Special Issue. † Research in Human Development, 3(1) pp 1-5. Fiske, S. T. , Gilbert, D. T. , Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of Social Psychology Volume Two. 5th Ed. John Wiley and Sons. Fussell, S. R. (2002). The Verbal Communication of Emotions: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lewis, M. , Haviland-Jones, J. M. , Barrett, L. F. (2008) Handbook of emotions. 3rd Ed. Guilford Press.

Coda Lidencing :: essays research papers

The first question about this topic would be: Why would a word-final consonant have to be syllabified in an onset, and not in a normal post-nuclear rhymal complement (Coda) position. After all, we have this position in word internally, and this Coda is so important as it differs some languages to others called â€Å"CV languages†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, Coda is an old term, back to the time that all consonants which occur after a nucleus could be simply attached to the rhyme in the form: (1) ,where C could even accommodate 2 consonants when N is neither a long vowel nor a heavy diphthong. Nowadays, Coda is more accurately called rhymal complement, to accentuate the fact that it is not a constituent, while onset and nuclear are. Why can’t a word end in a consonant? If we observe the way languages behave, so many exceptions seem to occur in the word-final â€Å"Coda†, every rules about how it should normally behaves is so frequently broken that leads us to the question whether this â€Å"Coda† could be defined as such. 1-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The case of vowel shortening rule. Basically, long vowels are shortened in a closed syllable (Kaye). And here are some examples to illustrate this proposition. Ex: French, chat [Sa:] and chatte [Sat] Yawelmani, [sa:pit] and [sapnit] In both cases above, the vowels are shortened to accommodate a consonant in its rhymal complement position, because we know that there is no long vowel or heavy diphthong in a branching rhyme. But in cases when the consonant which occurs after long vowel is also situate at the end of the word, this rule is not observe. Ex: French, vert [ve:r] and verdure [verdu:r] English, keep [ki:p], and green [gri:n] (2) Those examples shows violation of the above rule stated where no coda could be accommodated into a rhyme with long vowel or heavydiphthong. 2-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The case of word-finally consonant cluster. Words in English like kept, child, find†¦pose several problems in phonological analysis. First problem would be the rule about â€Å"no branching coda in a branching rhyme†, the second would be the nature of consonant clusters; consonant like pt, ld, rt†¦ are not the normal consonant cluster so-called well-formed cluster, the well-formed cluster in a language could be easily spotted in a branching onset. If we could not find them at the beginning of any English word, there is a big chance that they are not a good cluster, so we can separate them into two different syllable if found in middle of a word, the natural order of two consonant occurring next to each other must be respected, re-syllabification is not possible.

Discuss Naturalism and the Importance of the Dog to Understand the Theme in “To Build a Fire”

Chad Mead April 5, 2013 ENGL-227 World Fiction Discuss Naturalism and the Importance of the Dog to Understand the Theme. The author of this short story is none other than Jack London. One of the most influential novelists of his age, Jack London was the author who wrote â€Å"Call of the Wild† and â€Å"White Fang†. Both books were excellent and even share some similarities with the story, â€Å"To Build a Fire†, which is the story we are going to discuss. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is a story of a man fighting the harsh weather of the Yukon with only his dog, where he is ultimately defeated by it. Also read The Story of an Eyewitness Essay AnalysisThis story has a strong Naturalistic presence in it, and shows it primarily through the means of the man’s dog. Through this style of writing, we begin to understand that this story is about survival in the wilderness using one’s instinct rather than sheer will. Naturalism is a type of writing style that is direct, no sugarcoated words, and shows us the harsh realities of daily life. Jack London used naturalism, the most realistic literary movement, to show how violent and uncaring nature really is, and how no matter what you do- nature will always be there. This is where the dog comes in as naturalism’s main contributor.The first time the dog is introduced in this story, it was described as submissive yet questionable, in regards to the man’s unwonted actions towards not building a fire or not finding shelter from the cold. The reason the author gives us as to why the dog is questionable is because  "the brute had its instinct. † (Jack London 655). Just from that one line the author gave, it showed that the dog and the man would have two contrasting roles to play in his story. The dog embodies pure instinct, who only wants to survive the harsh, cold weather by lying next to a fire or in a shelter.The man, adversely, shows us willpower because he does not wish to build a fire or find a shelter, but only seeks to push through the cold weather to get to his camp and â€Å"The Boys†. This shows us the beginning of the differentiation between instinct and will, and it only gets stronger from then on. The second appearance of the dog is when the man stops for the first time to build a fire and eat his lunch. When the man finished eating and smoking his pipe, he started along the trail back to his camp again, with the dog, leaving the fire behind. As soon as this happens the dog is mentioned in a long dialogue about how it earns to return towards the fire, and how the man did not know what real cold was. The line that really identifies with naturalism was that, â€Å"The dog knew cold; all its ancestry knew, and it had inherited the knowledge† (658). Through the dog’s environment and instinct, it knew what to do to survive a climate that it had known its entire life, and then some. The man, however, was described as the polar opposite of the dog, as â€Å"the man who did not know cold and possibly all the generations of his ancestry had been ignorant of cold† (658). This distinction between the two is now very evident, which brings up the turning point in the story.The last appearance of the dog with the man is when the man is at the point of freezing to death, because he had dropped into water and did not succeed in building a fire. The man starts up a plan to kill the dog and use its entrails to warm himself up. This is the part of the story where it truly becomes survival of the fittest, because the man is on the verge of dea th so he starts to depend more on his instinct to survive rather than his willpower. The man decided to carry out his plan and began calling to the dog, however, in the man’s voice, there was fear.As soon as we read that the man is so afraid that it can be heard in his voice, the dog recognizes it immediately. â€Å"Something was the matter, and its suspicious nature sensed danger-it knew not what danger, somewhere, somehow, in its brain arose an apprehension of the man† (662). Throughout the whole story, the dog follows the man, even if sometimes it did not wish to. With one sudden change in the man’s behavior, the dog instinctively knows that something is amiss. The man also realizes that the dog is scared of him because of his new attitude, so he tries his best to remain calm and calls for the dog once more.This time the man tricked the dog, however it was already too late for the man to rely on his instinct rather than his will; he could no longer clutch any thing with his frost-bitten fingers to try and kill the dog with. In the end, through the naturalistic story telling of the famous author Jack London, we can ascertain that when it comes to survival in the wilderness, it is best to survive on instinct rather than ones willpower. Mother Nature will not accept the will of fools who are not afraid of, or do not respect her power.

South Asia and Management of Energy SecurityÂÂ

INTERNATIONAL-RELATIONS ARTICLE ASSIGNMENT=1 SOUTH ASIA AND MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SECURITY 3/27/2013 SUBMITTED BY FAIZAN-ALI BBA-7C * Introduction: The article named south Asia and management of energy security has been written by a well known associate professor of international relations miss DR MUSARRAT JABEEN Quetta university Baluchistan.The writer herself a very competent and well known to her subject of specialization with the great exposure of international systems and relations also read one other books of her by the name of legacy of china which is one of her successful stories and proof of her good thought of school. After now introducing the writer I would like to introduce the under attention article of the writer which is south Asia and management of energy security. Summary (major points): in the article the writer talked about many things and tried to focus on the fact that energy security hinges on the demand and supply systems in terms of energy management. She used a word of hinge in her sentence which is the demonstration of a beautiful making of preposition by writer which means a joining device on which a lid or door turns when it opens. When comes to the major and focal points of an article I would like to firstly translate the meaning of energy security which means that smooth and reliable transaction and movement of energy between supply and demand systems of energy.The emergence of supply and demand is from the economic world and as per my understanding with these terms I conclude that there should not be a supply and demand gap in the systems of energy otherwise I will create a question on the security of energy which is the smooth transaction of energy. Importantly major points for supply and demand are rolled under three dimensions: * Dependency * Certainty * AffordabilityAs energy is the most important security for all the nations and states because a great sense of competition exists among nations for energy security as energy is o ne of the basic requirements for economic development and economic growth. There are some important factors in the given articles which are responsible for the increase in demand * High rate of population * Stress caused by economic growth * Economic dualism * Structural transformation * Physical capital formationThis study basically focuses on the supply and demand systems crossing south Asia at the confluence of central Asia and Middle East south Asia has specific energy security issues. One of the growing demands of energy is that china is becoming the world’s biggest economic power very soon in future due to china needs the cost is kept on increasing specially in south Asia. The region specially discussed in this article is south Asia in which Pakistan is included which would be the route and supplier of energy very soon in future but this might not take place very soon because of our energy crisis at national level.India which is only the supplier and Afghanistan which i s the route of energy can also create political barriers to other states of south Asia especially for Iran who is the biggest supplier of energy among south Asia countries. U. s Europe and china’s interest has made some political environment in south Asia. As oil is one of the most important ingredients of energy so U. S who is the only power of world wants to control all pricing management of oil especially in Gulf States?In view of geographical location PAKSITAN has a great importance for all because we have gawaddar port we have Karachi port and we have so many other routes which actually links with the boundaries of AGHANISTAN INDIA IRAN and across the river to the Gulf States. The writer has taken up some important qualifications about PAKSITAN which in my point of view are very important. * Pakistan is located at the confluence of central middle and south Asia. In short Pakistan is the heart of Asia. * Pakistan has the ability to grow at the level of above 8% GDP. * Pak istan has catered for the central Asia trade with south Asia and the rest of world. Challenges: In South Asia, the demand for infrastructure, and particularly electricity, is growing rapidly. Improved electricity supply is a key to sustaining economic growth and improving social services. †¢ Electricity is still not available to about half of the region's 1. 5 billion population, especially in rural areas, which adversely affects the efforts to reduce poverty and create better opportunities for all. †¢ The lack of access to modern forms of energy prolongs the widespread traditional use of biomass, with adverse environmental and health impact. Electricity services to the connected customers, whether to businesses or households, are often unreliable and of poor quality, coupled with high technical and commercial losses and poor commercial performance of service providers. †¢ Advancing electricity sector reforms, aimed at improving the efficiency and quality of electrici ty service, commercial viability of electricity industry, institutional and governance arrangements, accountability of service providers, and investment climate is critical to ensure sustained growth of the sector and optimal development and use of energy resources. National energy systems are autarchic, with weak or nonexistent interconnections. There is little cross-border trade in electricity, with the exception of India-Bhutan trade, and none in natural gas. * Critical analysis: South Asia's energy security dilemma is one of the signal challenges of the 21st century, critical to the economic future of almost two billion people and the political future of one of the world s most volatile regions. Now for the critical analysis as per my reading and understanding with the article I would like to mention some strengths and weaknesses and also the things which are covered and which are not covered.In south Asia energy management china India Pakistan Afghanistan are the majors countri es for supply and routes specially in south Asia so they have a great interest of international community specially from the super power U. S. America wanted a full control on all movements and managements of energy specially on oil and also the resources of all these big countries of Asia. china is more powerful among all other Asian states because they are using there resources very efficiently and effectively.Here I can give an example of small dams of water as reserves in china which are 1 lakh in quantity as per rough idea which is the security of many other energy production systems. While talking about Pakistan, Baluchistan which is the biggest area in view of resources and energy generation is now under the strong influence by international forces to get management by others. In view of strengths it is an accepted fact a stronger Pakistan will deal strongly with the regional challenges. The construction of deep sea port at GAWADAR is just one component of the greater gawadar plan. here is a strong link of network of Karachi with Baluchistan by roads. Management of regional interest can play an important role in the management of energy in south Asia. As Pakistan is the hub of transportation for all so there should be a unity and strong faith of friendship among the countries of south Asia. The policy of recasting regional interstate relations on the basis of trade will directly lead to the prosperity of the whole region. Regionally there are so many projects are running among the Pakistan Iran India china srilanka etc. ne of the greatest example is the agreement of gas pipeline between Pakistan and Iran which is the proof of interstate relationships. This agreement is unacceptable for the international actors like America. when going internationally we should all act alike under some laws and policies for the benefit of whole Asia because it has to be understand by all that our continent is very rich in many things like geographical location resources natural climate fertile land etc. everybody should look east towards each other because to the west only fake faces and promises are made for their own national interest. Conclusion: finally at the end I would like to say that this is our bad luck among south Asia countries that we all are affiliated with other international channels for some interest and we are less behind in developing relations among each other. Due to which when there is an increase in the security of energy happens in any country the other feels insecurity like when India made nuclear tests it was a worried time for Pakistan because instead of having a relationship of friendship we are enemy of each other which is the biggest drawback in our continent. he task of global reforms has to be an inclusive one,addresing the concerns and needs of the states located in the heartland of Asia. All the tensions should be solved by dialogues and by cooperation’s. There should be two management policies one at region al level and one should be on international level. The gap is increasing between supply and demand of energy because of inelasticity. East and Southeast Asian states are facing severe and increasing energy security challenges.Regional economies are generally poor in natural resources, trade-dependent, and energy-intensive in character. Regional energy demands, especially for natural gas and fuels derived from crude oil, continue to escalate. Simultaneously, indigenous production of oil and gas has been for the large part either declining. This divergence between energy demands and domestic supplies has led to increasing reliance among East and Southeast Asian states on foreign sources of supply, including energy imports that are predominantly delivered by sea.Recommendation: * Create awareness programs for states on their issues, like economic, social and legal issues, to strengthen them, on government level and civil society organization. * Need comprehensive legislation to ensure the states’ right and their protection. * Promote/Start debates and address the issues of states with governments. —————-*————————————–*—————————*—————————

Analysing Abuse Of Migrant Domestic Worker Social Work Essay Essays

Analysing Abuse Of Migrant Domestic Worker Social Work Essay Essays Analysing Abuse Of Migrant Domestic Worker Social Work Essay Essay Analysing Abuse Of Migrant Domestic Worker Social Work Essay Essay In twelvemonth 2004, the first of all time recorded of the state worst abused and tortured of migratory worker, Nirmala Bonat. The intelligence has brought to illume the sad and painful incidents as a 19th twelvemonth old Indonesian amah told a disking narrative of how she was repeatedly burnt with an Fe and scalded with boiling H2O by her Malayan employer. The Malayan image of a lovingness state has been tarnished when images of abused Indonesian domestic workers were featured in major newspapers. The studies made great impact as it drew series of reaction from disgusted and angry Malaysians who could non believe the fact that members of our really ain community could perpetrate such barbarous Acts of the Apostless. I merely could non bear by looking at the images of Nirmala Bonat being brutalized by her employer. What has she done to merit such terrible penalty from her employer? If so, Nirmala Bonat is unqualified in her day-to-day modus operandis work, she should hold been returned to her agent for replacing. Manhandling a human being or psyche, who is here to gain a better life and life is like perpetrating a merciless offense. Five old ages subsequently in 2009, another similar Nirmala Bonat instance doing the headlines one time once more. An Indonesian amah by the name, Siti Hajar was tortured by an old Malayan lady without any sense of humanity at all towards her. Mistreating migratory domestic worker or assistant is no longer something new in the society. Siti Hajar s predicament made the Malayan and Indonesian media a headlines one time more. News says that she being allegedly scalded with boiling H2O, tortured and starved. The worst still she is merely fed with field rice and on occasion her employer have asked the amah who is a Muslim to digest porc meat is simply inexcusable at all. One after another, Siti Hajar instances has led to an alleged colza, physical maltreatment, denial of wages and basic rights of three Indonesian adult females by their employer in Sungai Siput, Perak. Such Acts of the Apostless are merely inhumane. Up to dated, statistics shows more than hundred of thousand Indonesian adult females are believed to work in Malayan places as trusting to gain a better life. Malaysia as the 2nd largest finish for Indonesian amah after Saudi Arabia besides Kuwait, Jordan, Hong Kong and some other states including amah working in the United States of America. There are few inquiry that I would wish to raise up here ; are the Indonesian amahs working aboard under a good status? Do they have the right for their wages or even acquiring a freedom of human right? Never, I do understand why the Philippines amahs were non abused or even being tortured physically. Is it due to the communicating dislocation between the amah and the employer? By holding a amah or migratory domestic assistant, would it do things much easier or hard for us? Not to bury, most amah from Indonesia which are brought into the state, simply are from a lower class. This is because a much more skilled and choice 1s would be sent to other states which offer a greater moneymaking amount of money, states like Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia. This would take to Malaysian employer felt that they are being cheated as they have to be prepared to accept those lower classs migratory domestic worker. While the agents are allowed to capitalise on a moneymaking concern as they frequently wash their custodies off every bit shortly as the workers are delivered to the employers. Such state of affairs left no option for the employer as they would necessitate to develop the lower classs domestic worker in family direction from basic ; How to acquire the wash done? Cleaning up the bathrooms? Geting the rubbish out of the house? Baby-sitting? Helping our married womans in the kitchen or even thought of assisting you and your household with cookery? With all this state of affairss, the employer would stop up with tonss of load and wretchedness. Before I go any farther in discoursing the possible steps that can be taken as to control these issues efficaciously, allow us take a glimpse at the Malayan jurisprudence and policies on migratory workers. The system that is being pattern in Malaysia has put migratory domestic workers at complete disadvantage every bit far as seeking for justness is concerned. This is because the migratory domestic workers are at a bigger disadvantage as they are non even considered workers and as such do non fall under the commissariats of the Employment Act. Laws and policies are enforced with great velocity and efficiency when migratory workers violate these Torahs and the state of affairs is different when the employer does the same offenses. Even tough, migratory workers make ailments against their employers, they will be subjected to assorted signifier of maltreatments including verbal and physical menaces. This once more causes them to populate under terrible emphasis and fright. I have seen and heard many instances where workers are instantly got their contract terminated and being repatriated back to their place state where they are loaded with immense debts and poorness. Therefore, domestic workers particularly would set up with the maltreatments and anguish instead than returning to their states empty handed. The following point that I would wish to include in this essay is the signifiers of maltreatments endured by migratory domestic workers in Malaysia. Press studies simply stated that the rewards to workers are non paid as per the contract even after they have fulfilled all the contract footings. Nevertheless, migratory domestic workers spend a batch of money to come to this state and most of the rewards earned are frequently used to pay up loans and debts, which they have secured and as to feed their households back place. When employers do non pay the rewards, the workers suffer the most. Beside that, migratory domestic workers are frequently forced to populate in cramped, dirty and severely equipped hovels or crowded into houses meant for a little household. Some even sleep on the kitchen floor with merely a piece of thin mattress. To be exact, domestic workers are non given a proper suites of their ain and such lodging installations that are non fit for populating would take to adv ance unhealthy conditions. The state of affairs, which I have pointed out, brought an environment where employers feel they have the immunity power . Hence migratory domestic workers are virtually at the clemency of their employers who are confident that they would be able to acquire away with about anything. Some employers are to the full cognizant that even if the affair is brought to the attending of the governments such as the civil tribunals or industrial tribunal, the immigrant policies in Malaysia would do it about impossible for the migratory worker to successfully seek justness or damages without first either running out of money or clip both which is wholly controlled the policies stipulated by the Immigration Department. It is non until the exclusive ground of Nirmala Bonat s instance received so much attending and speedy damages was given because the badness of her hurts doing the headlines of every local newspaper forepart page. Public call on her instance has prompted the Malayan governments to swing into immediate action. The responds show that Malayan can administrate justness fleetly and efficaciously when it chooses to make so. It is pertinent to observe that many instances go unreported in the media. High profile instances that drew attending has forced Malaysia taking up the steps to look into on amah maltreatments by inspecting on places, interviews of amahs and employers and besides by presenting a helpline. Therefore, as to control the jobs efficaciously, I call on the authorities to allow fleet action to migratory workers in seeking justness and protection. Employers who break the jurisprudence must be made accountable. The authorities should enforce heavier penalty to maid maltreaters. Law and policies that impede or detaining the justness system must be either amended or removed together. The Malayan authorities demand to guarantee that enforcement bureaus such as the Immigration Department, Civil or Industrial Court and the Police Force to implement the jurisprudence without prejudice and bias. Whereby there are instances been brought to my attending that migratory workers have frequently been subjected to extortion by enforcement forces. Enforcement forces have besides been known to take the employers side in haling workers to follow with unjust footings of employment. These allegations of extortion and gross misconduct by enforcement forces must be investigated. Enforcement must be carried out fleetly and impartially against employers who do non obey the jurisprudence. The governments must non wait boulder clay there is a public indignation as to acquire into action. In other words, all relevant governments are to halt all type of torment on migratory domestic workers instantly. I personally think that the authorities should put minimal work and life environment criterions that employers must adhere to. These can be achieved efficaciously as the authorities must sign the International Convention on Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1990 and guarantee its full execution. The cultural differences in Malaysia as for a domestic worker to work 24 hours, seven yearss a hebdomad with no off twenty-four hours while being paid rewards below the national poorness line. I would wish to press all migratory domestic workers who have been abused to courageously step frontward and expose their employers as to set a halt of maltreating them. The agents excessively should be accountable for their sloppiness and irresponsibleness as most Muslims amahs who work in non-Muslim places were required to bath Canis familiariss and handled porc. Such act would absolutely insensitive on the portion of the employers and the agents. The solution would be that non-Muslim employers should be allowed merely to engage non-Muslim amahs while Muslim employers to convey in Muslim amahs. The phrase Learn to populate without amahs struck my head as I was watching Nanny 911, a telecasting series of a Nanny assigned to places as to assist out American twosomes in managing and pull offing their households. I would wish to province that work forces and kids should besides make housekeeping. House jobs are non every bit easy as you think it would be. We Malayan are a lucky batch as we can afford to hold amahs with low-cost rates and yet there are ailments of Indonesian amahs now are inquiring for a small more. Therefore, I would state we should make the day-to-day jobs, place and outside ourselves. I have seen how typical it can be as merely the adult females do everything at place as the work forces and kids merely laze about. Mind you there are tones of work to be done in the house besides caring for the kids. There is the sweeping and swabbing, cleaning the lavatories, rinsing dishes, the wash, the ironing, the cookery, dusting the Windowss and cabinets and the list go es on. This is non just to adult females particularly, we should hold a balance and as for the work forces and kids should impart a assisting custodies in helping with the family jobs. I think it is about clip for us to larn to make something ourselves as this is something that we should chew over over. I would wish to propose that we should non entirely depend on amahs from aboard. We could develop our local adult females particularly the individual female parents or strictly a fulltime homemaker. We could hold them to come over on day-to-day footing or even by the hours as another option in controling the jobs. This will take to a cost effectual and less hazard of domestic assistant or amah being abuse as they are non necessitate to remain with the employer. Career adult females with households to take attention of should alter their mentality as puting the whole duty of the family works entirely to the amah as their retainer. Therefore to ease their concerns particularly those holding kids could direct them to a nursing or a child care centre during the yearss and pick them up after work. The facets of pull offing clip with work and family responsibilities are truly difficult to pull off. I would state, why non we do it ourselves as life has become much more easy with new innovations with the latest engineering of electrical contraptions in making family plants. Childs are really much a fast gait scholar in everything if they were taught on how to make manage family jobs. We should develop our kids to be more subject and independent from a younger age as to acquire rid off the exclusive hope on amahs. Parents can get down by stating them how to maintain their infinite clean and tidy, like make up their beds as they got up from slumber, wash their ain home bases or even acquire the rubbish out of the house. I would love to Live a life without the amah , the married woman should inquire the male partner for aid, cooperation and portions the duty in pull offing the house and their kids. In most develop states particularly the westerner, we could see that the male gender does non experience ashamed when semen to household plants. The hubby and married woman would take bends and portion equal duties in raising and taking attention of the household. It is approximately clip as the long-standing issue on the supply of amahs is eventually approaching a decision between Malaysia and Indonesia with the sign language of the Letter of Intent ( Lol ) on amendments to the Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) on the Recruitment and Placement of Maids from Indonesia on the 18th May 2010. The Indonesian authorities is expected to raise its prohibition since June last twelvemonth as to let its citizen to work in Malaysia once more. Both authorities functionaries have been keeping meetings to decide issues in relation to the amahs issue. Among the issues agreed to is that amahs in Malaysia will be given one twenty-four hours off hebdomadal and their right to keep on to their passports. However, employer and the amah concern could hold to predate the twenty-four hours off in stead of compensation and an employer could besides keep onto a amah s passport if both parties agreed. The lone issue that is still pending is the pay paid to migrant dom estic workers as it requires more treatments. Finally, I hope the authorities would acknowledge Migrant Domestic Workers as workers and allow them all the rights that come with the position. This hopefully will decide the job. Possibly the employers should besides be required to subscribe an project non to physically mistreat the amah and if they are unhappy, the amahs are to be returned to the bureau for farther preparation or acquiring a new replacing. BIBLIOGRAFI 1. Prof Datuk Dr. Nik Safiah Karim, Head of PERTIWI ( 2009 ) . The Maids: Ease V Burden. Pertubuhan Tindakan Wanita Islam ( PERTIWI ) . 2. Prof Madya Dr. Rusinah Siron, Social Analysis. ( 2009 ) . Get the better of your life without Indonesian amah. Universiti Tenaga Malaysia ( UNITEN ) , Kuala Lumpur. 3. Article Maid trade shortly , The Star, 19th May 2010. 4. Article Learn to populate without amahs , The Star, 24th May 2010. 5. Immigration Department of Malaysia. 6. Malayan Employment Act. 7. hypertext transfer protocol: //thestar.com.my/news/story/ Nirmala Bonat instance: Housewife found guilty, 18 old ages gaol.

Appeal Of The Nazi Party History Essay

Appeal Of The Nazi Party History Essay After World War I the country of Germany was no utopia leaving it vulnerable and a perfect target for the Nazi Party. There was depression, food shortage, disorder, social upheaval, anger and a loss of faith within the German citizens. The citizens were all frantically and desperately looking for someone or some party to take charge of the situation, make it better not only for individuals but the country as a whole. One can say that when the Nazi party stepped out of the shadow and into the light, the German citizens were blinded by their past sufferings and anxious desires that they did not see the Nazi party for what it truly was. Nevertheless, the Nazi party was capable of gaining control for a number of reasons; using the past government’s mistakes for their benefit, they used the existing economic troubles to attract people to their party, they used the help of the always appealing and nationalist Hitler but the Nazi party was able to maintain control and power over the country and the minds of citizens through the use of propaganda. The technique of propaganda used by the Nazi party contributed to the success of the political party because it was able to help them gain support from the people of Germany by influencing their minds that contributed to their actions, blind the world into what was in fact the party’s goal and propaganda led to the massacre that occurred within World War II. Nazi propaganda was aimed at appealing to emotions rather than sound or even reasoning and behind it all were messages that were brain washing. Propaganda eliminated individuals so only the Nazi party itself existed and with only one party existing the citizens of Germany were trapped within their own country. The past of Germany allowed the Nazi party to come into the country and use propaganda to take control and maintain power. The Nazis used propaganda to let German citizens who they were and what their power would do. Nazis used propaganda to get the G erman citizens to tag along with what they believed and brought them into a country of chaos, death and a country that alone started World War II. If it was not for the extreme use of propaganda the appeal of the Nazi party would have not been as influential as it was with the German citizens. In Nazi Propaganda written by Zeman he defines propaganda as the art of persuasion: persuading others that one ‘side of the story’ is correct. Propaganda might take the form of persuading others that military might is too great to be challenged; that political might within a nation is too great or popular to challenge or that a government should not be challenged since it is looking out for the best for the nation. Within Nazi Germany, Hitler issued Dr. Joseph Goebbels as head of propaganda. Joseph Goebbels had one important responsibility as the head of propaganda which were to ensure that no one in Germany could observe or examine anything that was argumentative or harmful to the Nazi party. In Nazi Propaganda by Zeman, the author also states that in order to ensure that all was going as followed within Germany; the Reich Chamber of Commerce was established. The organization dealt with literature, art, music, radio, films and newspapers. Each aspect of German society slowly was manipulated into German propaganda which was led by the Nazis. Propaganda was the only way that the Nazi party was able to maintain control because the citizens continued to believe and follow the actions of the party.

Does God exist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Does God exist - Essay Example Fundamentally, Anselm seeks to provide a priori proof, which is to negate the view presented of the fool in the Bible who says there is no God in Psalm 14:1 (Princeton University para 2). Therefore, he works from the angle of trying to present the arguments and proofs that an ideal or wise person should have. This implies that in Anselms views, a wise and a good person will be one who can go into himself, evaluate things and see and accept that God exists and have a feeling of his attributes and features which are not so obvious or clear to the average mortal. In Anselms earlier work, Monologion, he states three arguments to prove the existence of God. He first thinks that there is something above all goodness and that is a superior good. He believes that things are good in different way and they all go through a supreme good thing. That thing is good in itself and is the source of the good things. Therefore, since other thing cannot be greater than the good thing through itself, that thing must be supremely good. Anselm therefore concludes that the supremely good thing is also supremely great. There is, therefore, one thing that is supremely good and supremely great. In other words, supreme among all existing things. The second argument states a similar idea that all existence must come from one ultimate cause. If there are several causes then they either must exist independently or support each other. However, if those causes exist by supporting each other mutually, they cannot exist by causing what they supported. Therefore, if they exist independently, it means that they share a common power and become an ultimate cause. Finally, Anselm argues that there must exist one thing that every existing things exists through. To explain this, he illustrates his idea as follows; things must exist through something. And something might be one or more than one. If there is more than one thing, either they