Lung Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lung Cancer - Essay Example Lung cancer originates in the lungs. Cancer is a disease that is usually associated with the wild growth of abnormal cells. In lung cancer, abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in both or one of the lungs. Due to the fact that the cells are abnormal, they do not develop into healthy tissues and do not play any roles similar to those of normal lung cells. As abnormal cells continue to grow, they develop into a large mass known as a tumor. In a case where the tumor is located in the lungs, it can interfere with the lungs normal functions. DNA, which is a genetic component found in cells is contained in all body cells. Duplication of DNA occurs every time a mature cell divides to form new cells. For this reason, the new cells also contain DNA. Cells that are formed from the division of a mature cell are identical to the original cell in all ways. In the case where the cells are abnormal, this is usually related to a DNA error or mutation. This is usually the case in cancer. A lung cancer cell is a result of a series of mutations. Cells undergoing mutation can still function as normal cells; during this stage, the cells are said to be precancerous. With time, the cells become cancerous and it is during this time that they stop functioning as normal cells of the lungs. Lung cancer may be primary or secondary. This is usually determined by the point of origin of the growth of abnormal cells. This is because in some cases, cells travel from the original tumor to other parts of the body and continue growing there.

Mini paper on manners of dealin with external environmental issues Essay

Mini paper on manners of dealin with external environmental issues - Essay Example They are distinct in their vision and mission with social objectives and goals and meet them through creatively evolved mechanisms that rely on shared vision, empowered teamwork and innovative ideas that facilitate achievement of social goals. Consequently, cross-cultural understanding has evolved as crucial factor that helps to exploit cultural competencies of diverse populace to meet new challenges effectively. Flexible approach that may encompass the changing environment helps to transform obstacles into new opportunities of growth (Ashworth, 2001). It helps non-profit organization to adopt constructive changes like technology to improve and improvise their performance and meet new challenges with high degree of success. Most importantly, conservation and preservation of environment has become the need of the hour, As such, sustainable business practice becomes one of the most important elements of external environment that needs to be incorporated within the broader goals and objectives of the non-profit organization for the wider welfare of the society. The recessive economy has also emerged as vital ingredient that impacts business decisions and promotes innovative inputs that meet the need and requirements of the

Recession And Expansionary Monetary Policy Of Australia Economics Essay

Recession And Expansionary Monetary Policy Of Australia Economics Essay Introduction: Australia economy went through contraction in 2008-2009. however, since expansionary monetary policy was executed, Australia started to recover step by step. Business cycle refers to fluctuations in economic activity. The economy doesnt always stay still. It shifts over time between expansion and recession. In order to prevent economy from going too far from balance, the monetary authority of a country executes monetary policy. Monetary policy is used to control the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest, so as to attain goals of growth and stability of economy. When economy is in expansion, a contractionary policy works. Under such circumstances, the government reduces the size of money supply, or if it raises the interest rate. When economy is in contraction, an expansionary policy works. It increases the total supply of money, or if it reduces the interest rate. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) serves as the central bank of Australia. It holds the duty of keeping the nations economy sound and stable. RBA has several monetary policy tools available to influence the business cycle: increasing interest rates, reducing the monetary base, and increasing reserve requirements. All contracts the money supply, and, if reversed, expand the money supply. Increasing interest rate leads to higher opportunity cost of investment, thus more people choose to deposit instead of investing. This stops economy from being too heated up. While reducing interest rate means lower opportunity cost for investing, encouraging investment in a recession. Such is the role of RBA in counter cyclical policy. The year 2008 till now is a period of economic extraction. The financial crisis of 2008, considered to be the worse financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s, is triggered by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system caused by the overvaluation of assets. Financial institutions collapsed, stock markets turned down all around the world. Economic activity declines significantly. Australia, as a small, open economy with a financial sector that is well integrated with the rest of the world, is not immune to the enfolding financial crisis despite the robustness of the Australian financial system. The crisis contributed to the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth and substantial financial commitments incurred by the government. The economic indicator-GDP slowed down significantly, as we can see in the following table. Year Mar Jun Sep Dec Average 2010 0.50 0.50 2009 0.80 0.70 0.30 1.10 0.73 2008 1.00 0.60 0.30 -0.90 0.25 Table1GDP Growth QoQ Source: Trading Economics Economy went through a tough time in 2008. GDP growth kept declining from Q1 to Q4. To be detailed, GDP growth declined at a rate of 40% from Q1(1.00) to Q2 (0.60), 50% from Q2(0.60) to Q3(0.30), shockingly 400% from Q3(0.30) to Q4(-0.90)! Businesses broke. Nation wealth shrinked. Economy fell into abyss. Worse still in 2009, Australian economy had a rather difficult time with bad economic growth performance. The economic activity in Australia has slowed and is set to continue to slow before starting to rebound in 2009. Indicators of Australian Activity (Table 2) show how the recession was like in 2007-2009. GDP and consumption in 2008 dropped to half of their prior years level, while inflation in 2008 reached twice the level of its prior year. Business investment dropped by over one point from 2007 to 2008, and it was even worse in 2009. Though wage cost index decreased from 4.1(Year 2007) to 3.7(Year 2009), labor market unemployment rate increased from 4.4 to 5.2. Source: Melbourne Institute Before 2007, the monetary policy was concerned with bringing inflation down. However, within the space of one year, the landscape of macroeconomics has changed due to three concerns-recession, retrenchment and risks. In this recession, Australia needs an expansionary monetary policy, which can provide liquidity to further financial collapse. Inflation is no longer the top concern, since it is more important to keep a sound financial system and a low rate of unemployment. Inflation rise to 4.4 in 2008, and came down to around 3.0 in 2009. In the wake of the global financial crisis, the RBA began a policy of monetary loosening, reversing the trend of tightening. It has enacted similar procedures to the United States Federal Reserve to inject liquidity in domestic credit markets (such as moving funds into the cash market and introducing a term deposit auction facility). In response to both weaker domestic and global economic data, the Reserve Bank Board moved to an expansive monetary policy: the cash rate target was reduced by a full percentage point in October 2008, by a further 0.75 percentage point in November and, most recently in December, by another full percentage point. Lets take the monetary policy executed in October as an example. In October 2008, RBA lowered the cash rate by 100 basis points to 6.0 percent. The Board judged that a material change to the balance of risks surrounding the outlook had occurred, requiring a significantly less restrictive stance of monetary policy. At the same time, measures are taken to provide authorized deposit-taking institutions greater flexibility to manage their liquidity. Specially, relax the current restriction that prevents an institution from using residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed commercial paper of a related party as collateral in its repo operations with the Bank. Whats more, restrictions on substituting collateral within an existing rep, with the exception of general collateral, will be removed. Where the substitution includes changes in the asset class of collateral, the margin applying to that collateral will be adjusted accordingly. Though Australia has not been immune to the financial woes, the economy has been cushioned by solid growth in China. Domestically, the loosening in monetary policy and the series of fiscal stimulus packages are likely to steer the economy away from a recession.

Drawing and Painting Media :: Art

Drawing and Painting Media Pencils Are Ace:- Pencils are classified by their hardness (H) and Blackness (B) and range from 9H to 9B. An HB pencil is in the middle as it’s both hard and black, and is good for general sketching. A harder pencil (like a 2H) is better for precise, technical drawings as it won’t smudge so easily. 1) Pencils are made from a mixture of graphite (a form of carbon) and clay. 2) Coloured pencils come in a range of colours and a variety of hardnesses. The softer ones are best for laying even, flat colour and are less likely to break. Inks, Paints, Pastels, Dry-transfer Lettering†¦ Also Ace:- 1) Inks are pigments suspended in water or solvent. They’re good for colour infilling, background washes and writing. 2) Gouache is a type of opaque paint, which is ideal for producing flat areas of colour, or highlights on renderings (e.g. coats of plaster, mortar, etc.). 3) Pastels come in two varieties – oil and chalk. Chalk pastel is particularly good for producing backgrounds on renderings, or adding tone and shading. It’s easily blended using your fingers or cotton wool. 4) Dry-Transfer lettering is applied with pressure from a waxed translucent sheet onto drawings or prototype models. It comes in various typefaces, sizes, styles and colours. Airbrushes Blow A Mist Of Ink:- 1) Airbrushes blow a fine mist of ink from a reservoir onto an image area, using compressed air from a compressor or a ‘power pack’ (can of compressed air). 2) It’s a time-consuming medium – you have to mask all the areas you don’t want to airbrush using a low tack clear film and a craft knife. Plus you need loads of practice to do it well. 3) You can get really great photo-realistic results, if you know what you’re doing. There are excellent examples of airbrushing on various record/CD sleeves, posters and adverts. 4) Airbrushing effects can also be achieved with some computer packages, e.g. Adobe Photoshop. Felt Pens And Markers – Water-Based Or Spirit-Based:- Water-based pens aren’t suitable for large areas because they dry quickly and leave streaks. 1) Fine-liners come in a variety of thicknesses and colours. They’re great for outlining drawings.

Identifying and Explaining Physical skills and Physical techniques Essay

Physical Skills * Arm height * Head position * Speed of arm rotations during delivery * Ability to bowl for extended periods of time * Speed of the run up Arm Height Effects of High Actions: * Extra bounce than usual * Extra pace and sometimes bowlers are able to skid the ball too * Extra Balance in the delivery stride * Extra accuracy, if the bowler has a side on action notably. Head Position This shows a delivery side on. The head position of this player is kept facing the target, straight and steady at all times. Focusing on the target will provide the following things: * The delivery will ultimately go where targeted at * No possible injuries to the neck; any sudden jerks will stretch the neck muscles and sometimes will result in strains and tears * It will help in the momentum and balance in the delivery stride Speed of Shoulder Rotations If a player wants to bowl quickly, the main aspects of bowling quickly is 1. The speed of which the shoulder rotates and 2. An explosive action. Shoaib Ahktar, for example, has both of these and bowls with tremendous pace, the rotations of his shoulder allow him to exceed speeds of over 9Omph each delivery. Ability to bowl for extended periods of time In this scorecard of a 1938 Test Match, M G Waite, a single bowler bowls 72 overs. In doing this requires massive Cardiovascular Endurance, Stamina and Motivation. Two other bowlers bowled over 😠¯ between them, but these bowlers were spinners. M G Waite was most likely to be a seam bowler so this type of bowler must be prepared for extensive bowling, including breaks at intervals though. Speed of the run up Fast bowlers such as Dennis Lillie and Michael Holding all ball with outstanding pace and to do this they must have a source: The Run Up. Both these bowlers have unusually long run ups, Dennis Lillie’s at 47 paces and Michael Holding’s at 5O. Cardiovascular Endurance and Stamina play a big part in maintaining there pace and consistency The run up of these bowlers should be Smooth, Balanced, Economical, Rhythmic and Consistent. * Small steps initially; led to larger strides * The body ‘leans’ forward * The arms stay close to the body * The hands remain in motion, carried above the waistband and the within the width of the trunk * The head remains steady, with the eyes fixed on the target.

Accrual Basis over Cash Basis Accounting Essay

There are two accounting methods that companies use to report revenues and expenses. The two methods are the accrual basis and cash basis. The difference in the accounting processes will fundamentally change the way the organization reports its cash, so a decision must be made prior to recording any transactions. Accrual Basis Accounting Accrual basis accounting is the method accepted by commercial accounting and the general accepted accounting principles. â€Å"Accrual-basis accounting means that transactions that change a company’s financial statements are recorded in the periods in which the event occur, even if the cash was not exchanged.† (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2009) This accounting method follows both the revenue recognition principle, by reporting the revenue when it is earned and the matching principle by reporting the expense when it is incurred. â€Å"Recording revenue before the money has come in can potentially misrepresent a firm’s financial results, allowing a company to show sales that may never actually be paid for (say, because of financial problems with the buyer).† (Cash Basis Vs. Accrual Basis Accounting, 2002) Accountants choose the accrual method of accounting over the cash basis because it more accurately represents the company’s finances. Cash Basis Accounting Cash basis accounting is the other method of reporting revenues and expenses. When using cash basis accounting, â€Å"companies record revenue only when cash is received. They record expense only when cash is paid.† (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2009) This method does not follow the revenue recognition principle or the matching principle, therefore, is not a generally accepted accounting principle for large corporations. â€Å"The IRS altered its position in 2000, allowing taxpayers who have gross receipts of $1 million or less to use the cash method (Rev. Proc. 2000-22).† (Gilmore & Miller, 2003) This change allows for small businesses to use the cash basis method, so they are only paying taxes on income received. The cash basis accounting method benefits small businesses and individuals but is not an ideal choice for large corporations. A company must decide what accounting process is more beneficial prior to recording any transactions as this  affects the way they record the information. The accrual basis method records the revenue and expenses when they occur, and the cash basis method records revenue only when cash is received and expenses only when paid. The cash reporting method tends to misrepresent an organization’s financial performance by reporting expenses prior to receiving payment for the service. The accrual basis accounting method reports financial transactions more accurately and, therefore, is the most appropriate choice for large businesses.