Left Sided Spastic Hemiplegia | Case Study

Left Sided Spastic Hemiplegia | Case Study Mediation Analysis Foundation Jane Walters is a multi year old young lady and has a finding of left sided spastic hemiplegia, a type of Cerebral Palsy. Jane has two more seasoned sisters who go to horse riding exercises at their nearby pens. Jane has as of late communicated an enthusiasm for going along with them to her folks. Anyway her folks are concerned that due to her finding she won't have the option to stay aware of her kin. Jane is extremely mindful of her condition, and has as of late lost certainty, asking her folks for what good reason she is not quite the same as other youngsters her age. Finding Cerebral Palsy (CP) alludes to non-dynamic conditions described by debilitated willful development or pose, and coming about because of pre-birth formative distortions or postnatal CNS harm (Reed, 2013, pp. 38-47). As per the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2008), all things considered, a kid with CP will have other clinical issue, for example, psychological weaknesses, seizures, postponed development and advancement. Spastic conditions, for example, Jane’s happen in excess of 70 percent of CP cases. Spastic hemiplegia is a sort of CP that normally influences the body down one side. The spasticity makes a condition of obstruction against any scope of movement; this opposition at last speeds up that development (Reed, 2013, pp. 38-47). Youngsters like Jane with spastic hemiplegia will by and large walk later than other kids and will in general stroll on their pussyfoots in light of the fact that frequently they will experience the ill effects of high impact point ligaments. Frequently the arm and leg on the child’s influenced side are shorter and more slender (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2008). Effect of Right Hemisphere Brain Damage-Jane has left sided spastic hemiplegia, showing that harm to the cerebrum has happened in the correct half of the globe. The essential driver of CP is harm to white matter of the mind this is frequently brought about by anomalous mental health. This can be brought about by a seep on the cerebrum, or by an absence of oxygen to the mind, for the most part brought about by a troublesome birth (NINDS 2008). It was critical to consider extra intricacies identified with right sided mind harm to guarantee a familiarity with Jane’s level of utilitarian capacity be it; genuinely, subjectively or behaviourally. Those that may identify with Jane’s case are recorded beneath in table one. Table one: How harm to the Right Hemisphere can influence work and the control of pony riding. Jane’s analysis would imply that she would require contribution from a Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT). Given her age this would originate from a network pediatric groups (CPT). The group will work intimately with the children’s’ group in social administrations and essential consideration. The group will give a scope of appraisals and intercessions to youngsters and their families. In Jane’s MDT group there will be a scope of various individuals, for example, Physiotherapists, Pediatricians, Occupational Therapists, Social Workers, Speech and Language Therapists and Educational Psychologists (NHS 2012). As indicated by the Disability Act Jane is qualified for an autonomous appraisal of her individual needs. The demonstration is intended to advance the cooperation of individuals with incapacities in the public arena by supporting the arrangement of inability explicit administrations (NCSE 2011). A normalized meet was utilized, this was to permit the OT staff to see how Jane and her family collaborate with one another creation it simpler to; acquire data, distinguish qualities needs and objectives just as produce a mediation plan and empower objective scaling Due to Jane’s condition she would have just been known to social administrations and the MDT, as she had just gotten physiotherapy to help with muscle firmness and improve center quality. Thusly upon the OT division tolerating Jane’s referral, an underlying appraisal was completed in her home condition with mother and father present (An and Palisano 2013). Coordinated effort between proficient ataff and Jane’s family is a crucial segment in family-focused administrations, this is viewed as best practice in early mediation and pediatric restoration (An and Palisano 2013). Joint effort between the two gatherings is basic for defining significant and attainable objectives for a youngster. Arranging and actualizing intercessions must have the option to fit inside the setting of family life. (An and Palisano 2013) The accompanying qualities and shortcomings were distinguished during the underlying evaluation. Table two: Jane’s qualities and confinements During the underlying evaluation Jane’s mother communicated worries about her center quality and whether this would influence Jane’s capacity to ride. So as to address these worries a Sitting Assessment for Children with Neuromotor Dysfunction (SACND) appraisal was finished this is a clinical instrument to survey static and dynamic postural control in sitting in youngsters with neuromotor dysfunction’ (Reid 1995) This normalized appraisal was utilized to determine how Jane’s CP influences her capacity to sit easily and concentrate. This aptitude will be basic if Jane needs to have the option to sit upon a pony easily and have the option to focus for the whole meeting. The SACND estimates nature of autonomous sitting capacity across four territories: proximal solidness, postural tone, postural arrangement, and equalization (Knox 2002). The appraisal uncovered that Jane has feeble upper trunk control thus will be given an uncommonly adjusted seat which will empower her to sit all the more easily and for longer timeframes contrasted with standard seat. After the two evaluations were finished a mediation plan was made with contribution from Jane, her family and the word related advisor. Jane distinguished her drawn out objective of pony riding and to accomplish this drawn out objective, four momentary points were set to fill in as recuperation achievements (Duncan 2011). Table three: Jane’s long haul point and momentary objectives. Word related specialists are not required to utilize a particular useful result appraisal apparatus in the determination of their evaluations. At the point when an expert is choosing an appraisal, they should depend on their clinical and expert judgment (Asher 2007). Specialists need to think about what it is that they expect to accomplish with the evaluation, and if this is dealt with the appraisal can be classed as a triumph. One method of assessing an appraisal is to take a gander at the exhibition of patients on an individual evaluation task (Steultjens 2005). Also, will have the option to address how all around did the evaluation identify with the objective setting and goals for the patient (Duncan 2011). As a major aspect of the Model of Human Occupation horse riding will have a focal impact in Jane’s habituation. Not exclusively will this set up a daily practice, it tends to be something that Jane can invest heavily in (Kielhofner and Forsyth 2011). Riding will help Jane expand upon her fearlessness, having that common confiding in relationship with a pony that shows no judgment and doesn't comprehend that she is unique (Horseback UK). The significant worry that Jane’s mother presents is the concern that she won't have the option to stay aware of the physical prerequisites of riding and that this will dampen Jane’s excitement. This worry will be handled in objective number four. Once Jane and her family have a superior comprehension of hemiplegic cerebral paralysis, the OT can start examining, using pictures how this may influence her. In the event that Jane has an essential comprehension of her condition it will be simpler for her to set progressively practical objectives with the OT as she will have a more prominent consciousness of what she can do and may battle with. This will diminished the probability getting upset when attempting to accomplish objectives her concurred objectives, this will ideally decrease mum’s worries about the intercession plan. Jane feels her folks don't permit her to do as much as she might want to have the option to accomplish because of a paranoid fear of harming herself or become excessively worn out. The OT chose to make to make Jane mindful of what exhaustion is and may feel like. This would ideally urge Jane to tell her mum or father when she is feeling tired. With this data Jane’s guardians can keep a weariness journal with Ellie. This will furnish the OT with some data in regards to when Jane feels generally drained and how this effects on her occupations. This would then be able to be talked about with Jane’s guardians and the RDA and reasonable game plans can be made seeing weakness the board concerning when might be the most acknowledge time for Jane to make them ride exercise when she has the most vitality. When an example of weakness can be built up the OT staff will create techniques to oversee Jane’s weariness. For instance Jane ought to participate in a movement that she discovers loosening up, for example, perusing, shading or sitting in front of the TV. This should be possible after progressively difficult action or in the first part of the day if Jane is known to have a bustling evening brimming with physical exercises, for example, a riding exercise. On the off chance that Jane can change her day with unwinding and progressively exhausting exercises, she will have the option to monitor vitality for the more arduous movement of riding and in this manner last the entire hour exercise. This type of intercession utilizes the Compensatory Approach. The standard behind this methodology is adjusting to and making up for a brokenness instead of simply rewarding the reason for the issue. Which in this is Jane’s cerebral paralysis and her left sided shortcoming there is a greater amount of an accentuation on rewarding the side effects (Feaver and Edmans 2006). Furthermore, the Compensatory Approach may permit Jane to have the option to recover a level of her autonomy by repaying where the fundamental driver can't be dealt with. In Jane’s case this is overseeing and repaying on her shortcoming and weariness, and along these lines permitting her to save vitality so as to finish a riding exercise (Addy 2

Financial Services Coursework titles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Monetary Services Coursework titles - Essay Example Numerous individuals have proposed a few things; anyway one suggestion with which the greater part of the experts would concur is to go past smaller scale based way to deal with full scale based methodology. This implies the methodology should be transformed from an individual point of view to the general market viewpoint. Moreover, it has been condemned that the job of budgetary establishments and money related guidelines were lacking in anticipating and recognizing such a significant change in the financial state of the nation, when the economy was going into downturn. There has been a developing worry that a macroprudential moved toward should be embraced so as to make the economy progressively steady and solid. Macroprudential strategy is characterized as an idea in the financial guideline which characterizes about the money related shakiness in an economy and how these insecurities can be forestalled through open approach. Experts have asserted that a simply microprudential poin t of view isn't agreeable enough to keep up the dependability of the financial condition. ... It has likewise been anticipated that the effect of monetary emergency would have been much less if macroprudential arrangement would have been suitable and the hole between the macroeconomic strategy and guideline of individual money related establishments would have been smaller. After the money related emergency, investigators have suggested that prudential administrative structure additionally should be reproduced with the goal that it would be increasingly centered around the budgetary framework so such emergency don't happen again and the economy can recoup from its position. What's more, the other primary goal is guarantee that the monetary establishments don't force unwanted expenses on the general public simply like the cost that the general society needed to hold up under in light of the ongoing budgetary emergency (Bank of England, 2009). MACROPRUDENTIAL POLICY Macroprudential arrangement helps in recognizing the escape clauses that happen in the financial guideline in vie w of which odds of money related insecurity happen in the nation. This, however macroprudential strategy encourages in how to lessen these insecurities in the economy and it discusses preventive measures through which such monetary emergency don't happen once more. Macroprudential approach will in general supplement microprudential arrangement and macroprudential strategy interfaces with various sorts of open approach which impacts the budgetary security of the economy. After the ongoing emergency, examiners have requested an unmistakable division between the two terms; macroprudential arrangement and microprudential approach. Anyway the fundamental goal of the approaches would continue as before for example to limit the danger of the economy. Numerous individuals requested to have new arrangement of macroprudential approach instruments so as to make the

7286#2-please Choose A Topic For Me Example

7286#2-please Choose A Topic For Me Example 7286#2-please Choose A Topic For Me â€" Essay Example > IntroductionThis assignment is about selecting and evaluating an instructional strategy that can be applied effectively in my teaching area. After careful analysis of different instruction approaches, cooperative learning was selected due to its relevance and applicability. Cooperative learning has the reputation for being an effective alternative to traditional teaching approaches but there is little direct evidence that it can provide the same benefit in vocational education. For this reason, an investigation of this popular instructional teaching method was conducted using a range of literature and relevant cognitive theories. These include evaluating the kind of knowledge that can be developed in cooperative learning, skills that may be acquired, expertise that may developed, and its ability to transfer knowledge. Moreover, the effectiveness of cooperative learning was compared with other instruction approach such as collaborative learning and traditional teaching strategies. An argument and overall appraisal of cooperative learning is also presented in this study along with a short discussion in the possibility of applying the teaching strategy in vocational education. Cooperative Learning GroupsThere are five main types of instructional strategy â€" direct, interactive, indirect, independent, experiential, and instructional. Under the interactive type is the cooperative learning groups which according to Orlich et al. (2009), is a teaching strategy based on small-group approach where learners are responsible for individual and group achievement (p. 268). The idea is to put the students at the centre of the learning of the educational process to stimulate learning. As a result, students’ motivation is increased and learning runs deep (Williams Dunn 2007, p. 126). Cooperative learning has five important elements â€" positive interdependence, individual accountability, group processing, face-to-face interaction, and collaborative skills (Williams Dun n 2007, p. 126). Positive interdependence assures that each student has the responsibility of learning assigned material while other members of the group learn at the same time. Similarly, each member of the group is accountable and must contribute his or her fair share in the group process to achieve the group’s goal. In developing social skills, face-to-face interaction allows each member to discuss academic or content-based goal. It related to collaborative skills where students are being taught to communicate effectively with one another (Demchak 1997, p. 23). According to Brody Neil Davidson (1998), cooperative learning group will work well in classrooms where instructional decisions are based and guided by research-validated theory that can provide the foundation for planning, analyzing, and modification of classroom application. Similarly, knowledge of learning theories can help in understanding the importance of different factors in cooperative interaction (p. 65). For instance, cognitive-development theory recognized cooperation as an important factor for cognitive growth. This is because working cooperatively with more capable peers results to construction knowledge that is consequential to cognitive development and intellectual growth. The incentives being provided to members of the group in cooperative learning is also linked to behavioural learning theory where students are assumed to work harder when there is a corresponding reward or punishment (DeZure 2000, p. 207). Constructivist view cooperative learning groups as facilitators of generative learning as working with peers enable refinement of knowledge through argumentation, structured controversy and reciprocal teaching (Wilson 1996, p. 68). Cooperative learning in part is constructivist particularly when cooperative learning group members seek for understanding and personalizing meaning (Foote et al, 2001, p. 46). Constructivist believed that students' make sense of what they are prese nted by associating it with prior knowledge and this is being facilitated in cooperative learning. For instance, when new information is introduced to a student’s existing knowledge framework, this student will be enlightened on that information and share it with others. While the student is sharing and explaining his new found knowledge, the listener will then question and challenge their own understanding resulting to the expansion of mental energies on both the information deliverer and receiver (Druger et al, 2004, p. 25).

Is Depression A Serious Mental Illness - 1219 Words

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Chow and Roberts then extended their analyses by using a r epresentative sample of older adults. They used this sample to determine whether changes in these traits would predict a change in depression. They examined variables such as physical health, and life satisfaction to explore the reasoning as to why personality traits could contribute to depression (38). They hypothesized that they would be able to replicate existing data which suggested that neuroticism and conscientiousness would have an association with depression. They believed theyShow MoreRelatedDepression : A Serious Mental Illness2213 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Depression is a serious mental illness that changes how an individual thinks and feels. It can also affect their social behaviors and physical wellness. Depression also significantly affects an individuals self esteem. It is not jut a feeling of occasional sadness, but a constant feeling of sadness that stays with you. 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The Little-Known Secrets to Essay Topics for Unruly Teens

The Little-Known Secrets to Essay Topics for Unruly Teens The Do's and Don'ts of Essay Topics for Unruly Teens When choosing controversial essay topics, you should make sure you get one which is related to your class. Don't worry, receive a completely free full essay, which can function as a guide to finish your assignments. Use this priceless knowledge you've got to compose an essay. If it's still true that you could hardly write fantastic essays, you can view absolutely free essay papers online. There are many things which make writing a persuasive (also called argumentative) essay a distinctive endeavor, and it might be worth mentioning them all. Hence, if you prefer to balance your academic and family pressure side-by-side, you can merely become absolutely free essay samples so you may have a simple idea of writing proper essays. To write a great research paper or essay within this field one requires selecting a proper topic and delving in the exact same to construct a suitable argument and thesis for the statement. Write an essay to strengthen your standpoint. Essay Topics for Unruly Teens: the Ultimate Convenience! A number of these questions were inspired by the next links. Since you may see, picking a topic is a rather tough job. If you can't locate a controversial topic on the list that suits your passion, there are tons of different resources out there. Anyway, there are tons of debatable topics to pick from. If you would like you might have students send the ir emoji weekend to one another via a messenger app, this might not be advisable with a few groups. Teenagers can be extremely opinionated, which is the reason we created 17 controversial debate topics for teenagers. For instance, the students were permitted to sit on the ground and take their tests to lessen test-anxiety. Don't neglect to write together with your students. Hunting needs to be restricted to some environmental locations. Drug and alcohol usage, on the flip side, are non-negotiable. In the past several years teen magazines have dramatically declined as a result of the net and new technologies. They might not have all the information to what their kid is doing when they aren't present. Nevertheless, this shouldn't be the case as your teenage child should don't hesitate to speak to you about anything. Teen alcoholism is just one of the key issues concerning just about all communities, families and schools. The Foolproof Essay Topics for Unruly Teens Strategy Help your teen find healthful ways to alleviate anger. Remember, a teen is never too old to get love and attention. As soon as it is titled for teens, really anybody can use it. After all, it's well-known that teens can receive a bit unruly and defiant from time to time. Your kid isn't a tiny kid anymore. Sex offenders ought to be castrated. Ensure your teen becomes enough sleep. Being a real fan girl was never uncomplicated. What's true about virtually all of teenagers is that it's a time of self-discovery and maturity. In conclusion, they need to give affection and receive it. Saying that all teenagers are the exact same would be quite so erroneous. As hard as it sounds, you've got to stay calm and balanced however much your child provokes you. You should allow the child realize that life is almost always a give-take circumstance. What's truly astonishing about truly being a teenager is that each individual's experience differs. If hitting a kid isn't wrong, then nothing isn't right. Second, you've got to trust in your perspective. The way that they act is different. You don't need to stick to these topics and sometimes thinking beyond the box a little can be a fantastic idea! Occasionally it can be irritating since it's something new for me. Physical punishment includes the use of physical force with the aim of causing a child to experience bodily pain or discomfort in order to correct or punish the kid's behavior. Breakdown of Physical Punishment Physical punishment is a significant public health problem in this nation. Depression results from heredity. At the conclusion of day, the same as any other individual, teenagers like me just require acceptance, love and support from the folks around them to be able to get through. Make time to relax daily and learn to regulate yourself and de-stress when you begin to feel overwhelmed. However, among the explanations for why teenagers should not have an excessive amount of privacy is that unfettered use of social media may help determine the pregnancy rate. Today in today's society, there lots of problems, especially problems related with teenagers.

An Examination of Relationship Between Anxiety and Insomnia Free Essays

Anxiety is commonly associated with insomnia. Many research have been done in this area. The results of the previous research studies often revealed strong relationships between anxiety and insomnia. We will write a custom essay sample on An Examination of Relationship Between Anxiety and Insomnia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often, anxiety and insomnia can be frequently associated with depression. This research study was conducted among Hunter College students in order to investigate a relationship between anxiety and insomnia. There were 22 students participating in the research, between ages 18 and 34. Twelve of them were males and ten were females. There was a multiple-choice questionnaire, adapted from other research studies, with four possible answers from 0 – not at all bothered to 3 – severely bothered. The obtained results fully supported the hypothesis that there is a significant positive correlation between anxiety and insomnia. The higher is anxiety level, the higher is insomnia level. Nevertheless, the research had its own limitations, and further modifications of a research design could be done in this area of study. An Examination of a Relationship Between Anxiety and Insomnia Anxiety is commonly associated with insomnia. A number of research studies in this area support the idea that insomnia and anxiety have common mechanisms that underlie or maintain these difficulties (Fairholme, 2012). Some studies investigate the association between anxiety, depression and insomnia, which often co-occur at the same time (Jansson-Frojmark, 2008). However, the question about cause-effect in this relationship between anxiety and insomnia still remains. In his article, Pacana (2010) stated that the anxiety disorders became the most common mental disorders in the United States. Nineteen percent of the population suffers from these afflictions every year. There are six major types of anxiety – Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Phobias, Social Anxiety, Panic Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Approximately one fifth of individuals seek treatment for these disorders. The estimated coast of anxiety disorders in the country is about 50 billion dollars in any given year. Pacan (2010) also wrote, that anxiety is a â€Å"product â€Å" of the central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to ambiguous sense of fear or threat. Anxiety may appear even when there is no presence of actual life or health threats. Sometimes, anxiety can be so overwhelming and exhausting that it becomes a threat itself after a while. An Anxiety Disorder develops after the anxiety becomes severe, easy to trigger, occurs too frequent, or stays for too long. According to Pacan (2010), an anxiety is difficult to describe or measure. Luckily, psychologists have a number of tools for assessing a person’s level of anxiety. A Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is one of the methods administered by Aaron Beck. It’s a 21question multiple-choice questionnaire that measures an individual’s anxiety level. There are four possible answers for each question scored from 0 (NO not at all) to 3 (YES and I could barely stand it). Each answer indicates the emotional state of an individual in the last week, expressed as common symptoms of anxiety (such as unsteadiness, wobbliness, nervousness, or difficulty in breathing, etc. ). The cumulative scores range from 0 to 63, which measure the anxiety level. The higher the score is, the more severe is the anxiety level. The higher scores indicate that an individual may have very serious and health-threating implications, like sleep disturbance or more severe form of sleep deprivation – insomnia. Jansson (2007) indicated that insomnia is another prevalent condition in the population of the United States and worldwide. The prevalence of insomnia ranges from nine to twelve percent in adulthood. Generally, insomnia is viewed as a persistent condition and defined as number of intertwined conditions, such as difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime, waking up too early in the morning, not getting enough sleep at night, etc. Individuals experiencing insomnia also complain about negative daytime symptoms, like distress or impairment in social, or other vital areas of functioning. According to Bogan (2007), insomnia is associated with significant health-related consequences. The estimated healthcare coast of insomnia in the United States is approximately 14 billion dollars. People with abnormal sleep are more likely to experience anxiety and depression and suffer other serious consequences, like drug or alcohol abuse and an increased incidence of medical and psychiatric disorders. Unfortunately, severe insomnia may cause driving-related accidents and an overall increase in mortality rate. Although there are many factors that can contribute to sleeping disturbance, one of the most known is Anxiety. Buckner (2008) stated that insomnia is commonly associated with anxiety, and that sleep quality impairments, such as insomnia, can constitute a significant risk factor for development of anxiety disorders. The study used bivariate correlations to examine a relationship between social anxiety and insomnia in the undergraduate students. There was an association found between social anxiety and sleep dissatisfaction, sleep-related functional impairment, perception of a sleep problem to others, and distress about sleep problems. Jansson-Frojmark (2008) conducted research study about bidirectional relationship between anxiety and depression and insomnia. The revealed results indicate that anxiety and insomnia are significantly inter-correlated. The study used bidirectional correlation to demonstrate the relationship between anxiety and depression separately, and then their relationship with insomnia, using a prospective design in the general population. Although the research showed the bidirectional interrelationship between anxiety, depression and insomnia, the question about cause-effect relationship, where anxiety and depression influence insomnia, or vise versa, still remains. In 2012, Fairhome conducted research study about emotional disorders, insomnia, and common factors that underlie or maintain these difficulties. The results supported a hypothesis that common mechanisms are involved for emotional disorders and insomnia. One of the factors that may explain these mechanisms is anxiety sensitivity (AS). AS might function as a mechanism for the maintenance of sleep deprivation in order of anxiety and mood disorders. Anxiety sensitivity is a fear of anxiety-related sensations, which has been theorized as a heritable risk factor involved in development and maintenance of emotional disorders. For instance, an individual can believe that racing heart will cause a heart attack or that temporal loss of a sense of reality will transform into insanity. That is, an individual’s faulty beliefs of the danger of emotional disorders or sleep disturbance may increase physical symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, or both. The aim of this research study is to examine the relationship between anxiety and insomnia among college students. It was hypothesized that there will be a positive correlation between anxiety and insomnia, that the higher is an anxiety level the higher is an insomnia level. Method Participants A convenience sample of Hunter College students was used. There were 22 participants (N = 22) voluntarily participating in the research study, from the ages of 18 to 34 years old, with an average age of 21 (SD = 3. 28). There were twelve males (54. 5%) and ten females (45. %) of different demographic backgrounds, living mostly in the city of Manhattan or the other four boroughs of New York City. All of the participants were randomly selected and were proposed to participate in the research. Materials A questionnaire form was used to collect the data (See Appendix). Twenty questions about anxiety were adapted from Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck, 1988), and 20 questions about insomnia were a dapted from Pittsburg Insomnia Rating Scale (PIRS) administered by Moul, D. E. and other researchers in their preliminary study of the test-retest reliability and concurrent validities of the PIRS in 2002. There are 66 questions (For example, â€Å"Consider the quality of your sleep in the last week: Difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime†) multiple-choice questionnaire with four possible answers for each question (For example 0 – Not at all bothered; 1 – Slightly bothered; 2 – Moderately bothered; 3 – Severely bothered) (Moul, 2002). The ordered response options for the questions were adapted from PIRS (Moul, 2002). For the answers for each of 40 questions the Likert scale was used from zero to three (0 – Not at all bothered, 1 – Slightly bothered, 2 – Moderately bothered, 3 – Severely bothered). I went to the third floor of the Hunter College (695 Park Ave building), during the fall 2012 semester and started asking passing by students to participate in my research. Each participant received a consent form and a self-report questionnaire. They were asked to fill in questionnaire about factors that influence good sleep patterns. The participants were told to finish all 40 questions by filling in the numbers that best corresponded to their opinion about each item. After the data was collected, the cumulative scores for anxiety and insomnia were counted for each participant, and the data were collected in an excel file. Then the SPSS program was run in order to organize and interpret the raw data. Results A total number of 22 participants (N = 22, SD = 3. 28) participated in the research. Ten of them were females (45. 5%) and twelve were males (54. 5%), with an average age of 21 (36. 4%), a variance of 10. 7, and a range of 16. The youngest participant was 18 years old, and the eldest was 34 years old (See Table 1). The mean anxiety score was 15. 95 (SD = 10. 55), with a range of 40. A mean score for insomnia was 24. 27 (SD = 15. 63), with a range of 54. The minimum scores for anxiety and insomnia were zero and five, and the maximum scores were 40 and 59. To determine whether there was a significant positive correlation between anxiety and insomnia, the Pearson’s Correlation test was conducted. There was a significant correlation obtained for anxiety and insomnia, r (22) = . 74, p . 01 (See Table 2). Discussion The obtained results fully support the hypothesis that there is a relationship between anxiety and insomnia. The results indicate that the relationship between anxiety and insomnia is strong and positive (See Figure 1), meaning that anxiety and insomnia levels change in the same direction. For instance, when the anxiety level goes up, the insomnia level goes up too. Generally speaking, the association between anxiety and insomnia indicates that individuals who are vulnerable to stress and other emotional disturbances are more likely to experience sleep deprivation at normal sleep time hours. Individuals who suffer from bad night sleep are more likely to feel anxious the next day. In this research the minimum score of zero for anxiety (See Table 1) indicates that at least one participant did not fill in any number other than zero within the anxiety questions in the questionnaire. However, the minimum score of five within the insomnia questions means that all of the participants experienced insomnia at the time of conducting research. All of that could probably have different explanation for student’s insomnia. It could be caused by something other than anxiety, like a physical problem, or loud neighborhood, etc. The student could simply not be honest about his or her anxiety, filling in zeros for every anxiety question. The results that were obtained in this research study are very similar to the results from previous research studies about anxiety and insomnia relationships, which were mentioned above (Buckner, J. D. , 2008, Fairhokme, C. P. , 2012, Jansson-Frojmark, M. , 2008, and Jansson, M. , 2007). In the Fairholme (2012) research it was discussed that individuals with anxiety sensitivity have a fear that their sleeping problems are related to some kind of health problem, which can make the individuals even more anxious and more likely to acquire serious disorders, like chronic insomnia. In this case a situation becomes a vicious circle. An individual gets more anxious because cannot sleep well at night, and he or she gets problems with falling asleep because he or she is too anxious about whole situation. It is possible that some of the students from our research have AS, which affected their good sleep patterns. This research results do not show any evidence for cause-effect relationship between anxiety and insomnia, though. It is hard to say whether anxiety causes insomnia, or the other way around, or whether anxiety and insomnia cause each other. It is hard to draw serious conclusions about what actually caused insomnia and anxiety in the observed students in this research study. It is also hard to say if participants had anxiety, or depression, or both due to the lack of possibility to differentiate anxiety from depression in this research. Sometimes anxiety and depression have the same symptoms, and that could have resulted in some errors in the questionnaire in this research. In the Jansson-Frojmark (2008) research study it was stated that relationship between anxiety and depression and insomnia is inter-correlated. Moreover, it was said that these three factors could simply co-occur in some cases. For example, an individual suffers from anxiety, which makes him or her experience insomnia, and whole that situation makes an individual be depressed. In this study, the combination of anxiety, depression and insomnia could be present conditions for some or for all of the participants. Although we cannot approve a cause-effect relationship between anxiety and insomnia, it is essential to say that sleep quality impairments can serve as a significant factor for anxiety disorders development or vice versa. According to Buckner research study (2008) individuals with history of insomnia are at greater risk for the later emergence of an anxiety disorder. When an individual had bad night sleep, he or she can feel weak, disorganized, tired, or simply he or she can feel moody or even mad. If the individual experiences the same problems over and over again for a long-term period, he or she can develop a fear from experiencing problems with sleep. For example, â€Å"I am so afraid I will not be able to fall asleep tonight again, and that makes me so anxious. After a while, that fear of insomnia can be transformed into an anxiety disorder. In this research a maximum score for insomnia is 59, comparing to anxiety maximum score of 40 can indicate that on average insomnia occurs in bigger degree than anxiety in these participants. That could possibly mean that insomnia in the participants was associated with factors other than anxiety during the time of conducting the study. For example, a partic ipant has a snoring roommate, or there is construction outside making an annoying noise early in the morning. In this case, without talking to each participant individually, it is impossible to conclude what was a real reason for the sleep disturbance, and for how long a participant has been experiencing it. There are few possible limitations of this research study, like a small size of a sample, specific population – Hunter College students, and lack of access to information about participants. The convenient sample size is not quiet enough for generalizing the obtained results. Twenty-two participants cannot fully reflect the real situation regarding relationship between anxiety and insomnia. Small sample in this research could lead to getting a Type I error, the obtained result is probably not significant as we think it is. Perhaps, most of the participants were interested in the research just because they did have both problems – anxiety and insomnia presented in their lives at a moment of conducting the research study. Moreover, any college students often have anxiety and insomnia occurring in the end of the semester (the research study was conducted in the end of the semester of fall, 2012). Conceivably, students were getting through the tests and exams at this particular time, and all that could cause anxiety and insomnia during a short-term period. Another reason to be concerned about a validity of the results is that we do not know enough information about the participants, like if they have anxiety or insomnia occurred earlier, and how many times before. Some of the participants could simply be taking some medications, which were prescribed to prevent or trigger the emergence of anxiety and insomnia. Despite these limitations, this research study contributes to the future revenue of anxiety and insomnia research studies. For the future work in this area, it would be interesting to add some questions about depression to questionnaire, and ask more details about participant’s life events and possible stressors. Gender differences may also play a substantial role in this research study. Females are more likely to experience emotional disruptions than males. For instance, according to Bogan (2007) young women are especially vulnerable to insomnia and it seems to increase with age by 20% – 50%. Men experience insomnia 1. 4 – 1. 7 times less than women. It is essential to make a gender type as an independent variable for the future research design. How to cite An Examination of Relationship Between Anxiety and Insomnia, Papers

The Aspects of Basketball in the American Society

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the USA which is interesting for professionals and amateurs. The history of developing the principles of the basketball game is associated with the personality of James Naismith who worked out the rules in the 1890s. Basketball was discussed as the sport game for the youth which was popular in schools and colleges as the part of students’ physical activities. The principles of basketball as the professional sport were developed during the first decades of the twentieth century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aspects of Basketball in the American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basketball as the team sport for young people became the part of the college curriculum in the USA. In the 1980s, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was organized in order to represent the interests of the professional players and regulate the main principles of the sport (Delaney, 2009). Thus, today basketball develops in different forms as the professional sport for the NBA teams, as the college sport, and as the amateur sport with references to the street basketball. In the USA, men and women play basketball, and gender is not a significant factor in relation to discussing the socio-demographic characteristics with references to fans. The middle age of players is between 25 and 33 years. The middle age of fans is above 35 years. Basketball is the specific sport in the USA in which black players can be discussed as more successful than white sportsmen. However, the numbers of black and white professional sportsmen are rather similar (Macbeth, 2012). Nevertheless, race is not influential to discuss the public interested in basketball because there are no obvious patterns and regularities to analyze the issue. Basketball is the important part of the contemporary American life, and participation of young people in the teams is actively encourag ed in the society. Professionals are discussed as successful people, and their social statuses are high. That is why, much attention is paid to the development of basketball in the college campuses as the first step to the professional career. In spite of the ‘street mentality’ and focuses on physical aggression, professional basketball is associated with success, contest, and prosperity (Delaney, 2009, p. 162). Basketball games are broadcasted with the help of television, but the ratings of TV games are lower in comparison with the general level of the public’s interest in basketball contests. Fans of basketball prefer to attend contests regularly and often follow the scores of the favourite teams in relation to the NBA games (Macbeth, 2012). However, the sports media focus on covering the main basketball events, and many players are effective to participate in commercials because of the public’s interest in the sport. Race is one of the most controversia l issues connected with basketball because it was separated for white and black people during a long period of time, and today much attention is paid to discrimination in basketball which is associated with the white people’s attitude to the success of black sportsmen in basketball.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trainers are inclined to invite the black people in professional teams. The issue of gender is important to discuss the popularity of the sport among the public because male sportsmen are more successful and popular in the American society (James, 2002). This fact is explained with references to the history of the sport’s development. As a social institution, basketball is important to form the culture of the young people who are interested in sport. Moreover, basketball is effective to train such qualities as team work, persistence, and the ability to co ntrol aggression. Professional basketball players have high statuses within the society, and the audience’s interest to the sport is inclined to increase. That is why, the focus on organizing basketball teams in schools and colleges is observed today. References Delaney, T. (2009). The sociology of sports: An introduction. USA: McFarland. James, J. (2002). Women’s and men’s basketball: A comparison of sport consumption motivations. Women in Sport Physical Activity Journal, 11(2), 141-148. Macbeth, D. (2012). Some notes on the play of basketball in its circumstantial detail, and an introduction to their occasion. Human Studies,35(2), 193-208. This essay on The Aspects of Basketball in the American Society was written and submitted by user Ibrahim V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.